Term
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Definition
| How many neurons the human brain has |
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Term
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Definition
a fertilized egg
- egg and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer layer of the embryo that becomes the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes three layers to form in embryos |
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Definition
| Forms between ridges of the ectoderm and becomes the neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
| forms from the neural ridges and becomes the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain |
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Definition
| 3 subdivisions of the anterior part of the neural tube |
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Term
| one-half the size of the embryo |
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Definition
| The size of the head of the embryo at 8 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| The name of a developing human for the first 10 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| the name of a developing human after 10 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron production by mitosis from nonneuronal cells (stem cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells move to establish distinct populations |
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Term
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Definition
| cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| establishment of synaptic connections |
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Term
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Definition
| selective death of some nerve cells (unneeded nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
loss or development of synapses, fine-tuning
- happens throughout life |
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Term
1. Neurogenesis
2. Cell migration
3. Differentiation
4. Synaptogenesis
5. Neuronal cell death
6. Synapse rearrangement |
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Definition
| 6 stages of the nervous system development |
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Term
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Definition
| cells migrating to here differentiate into neurons or glial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells staying here keep undergoing mitosis to generate new stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| During this, cells move away from the ventricular layer |
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Term
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Definition
| act as guides for cells to migrate along |
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Term
| Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
promote adhesion of parts of the nervous system to guide cells
- cause cells to move along glial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| expressing different genes to make the proteins it needs to acquire its specific appearance and function |
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Term
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Definition
an influence on differentiation that is independent of other cells and driven by genes
- fixed program independent of environment
Ex: Purkinje cells develop a very specific dendritic tree |
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Term
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Definition
cells are affected by the influence of other cells
Ex: the production of motoneurons (cells in the notochord release a protein that directs cells around it to become motoneurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| the influence of one set of cells on the fate of nearby cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the response to cell injury in development - other cells will develop and take its place |
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Term
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Definition
undifferentiated cells that can assume a new cell fate
Ex: bone marrow, liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the growth of axons and dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1. Process of Outgrowth
2. Synaptogenesis |
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Definition
| 2 ways brain cells change early in life |
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Term
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Definition
located at the tips of axons and dendrites; where extensions emerge
- anchor neuron down so it stretches as your body stretches |
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Term
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Definition
the fine outgrowths of growth cones
- adhere to the environment and pull the growth cone in a particular direction |
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Term
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Definition
sheetlike extensions
- adhere to the environment and pull the growth cone in a particular direction |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signals that repel growth cones |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signals that attract certain growth cones |
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Term
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Definition
Cell death
- normal part of development |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed only during apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of proteases that cup up proteins and DNA |
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Term
| a Ca2+ influx that causes mitochondira to release the protein Diablo |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that is released by a Ca2+ influx and binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins |
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Term
| Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) |
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Definition
| normally inhibit the caspases; are turned off by the Diablo protein |
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Term
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Definition
| block apoptosis by preventing the release of Diablo |
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Term
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Definition
neurons compete for these chemicals made by target cells
- without enough, they die |
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Term
| Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) |
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Definition
| produced by targets and taken up by the axons of innervating neurons to keep the neurons alive |
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Term
| Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and the neurotrophin family |
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Definition
| other factors that keep neurons alive |
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Term
| Synapse Rearrangement/Synaptic Remodeling |
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Definition
| refines synaptic connections |
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Term
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Definition
| says each cell has a chemical identity to guide development at a synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the rate at which axons send messages |
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Term
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Definition
| destroys myelin and disrupts sensory and motor functions |
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Term
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Definition
| intrinsic factors that influence brain development |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the genetic information of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the physical characteristics of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a transient lack of oxygen at birth that can affect the brain |
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Term
| having underweight children who may suffer from other brain abnormalities |
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Definition
| What undernourished mothers are at risk of |
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Term
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Definition
| studies pathological effects of early exposure to toxic substances |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| a developmental disorder caused by maternal ingestion of alcohol during the first 2 months of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of children born to alcoholic mothers who have FAS |
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Term
1. anatomical changes to the face (shorter bridge of nose, wide-set eyes)
2. mental retardation
3. other neurological deficits
4. may lack a corpus callosum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 factors that affect behavior |
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Term
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Definition
a change in genetic structure
- may cause altred phenotypes |
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Term
| Site-directed Mutagenesis |
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Definition
| changes the sequence of a nucleotide in a gene (AT CG AT GC --> AT CG CG GC) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| has a new or altered gene |
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Term
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Definition
a chromosomal abnormality
- the inheritence of an extra chromosome 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| results from inheriting extra trinucleotide repeats |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitions of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| gentically identical animals, yet neurons can show differences in neural connections |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of factors that affect gene expression, without changing the nucleotide sequence of the genes |
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Term
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Definition
| an important epigenetic factor that affects brain development |
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Term
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Definition
| modifies DNA and makes it less likely to be expressed |
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Term
| methylation of a stress-response gene, causing a lifelong heightened response to stress |
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Definition
| Poor maternal care induces what |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual deprivation can lead to what |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of vision in one eye with inability to see clear forms |
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Term
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Definition
| no light to both eyes; produces changes in neurons in the visual cortex |
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Term
| Sensitive Period of Development |
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Definition
| when experience or treatment can make permanent alterations |
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Term
| Monocular deprivation during the sensitive period |
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Definition
| causes the deprived eye to not respond in adulthood |
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Term
| Ocular Dominance Histogram |
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Definition
| shows the response of brain neurons to stimuli presented to either eye |
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Term
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Definition
| grow stronger or weaker depending on their ability to affect a postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| Shrinkage of the hippocampus during aging |
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Definition
| Memory impairment correlates with what |
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Term
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Definition
| show a reduction after age 50 |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the brainstem that do not change with age |
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Term
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Definition
| a drastic failure of cognitive ability |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of senile dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| Ultimately, sensory experiences affect what |
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