Term
|
Definition
| Cell division of egg & sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single cell - fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Precise - short phrase...cut knife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outer layer of cells - provides nutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Left hemisphere of brain - language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual. A process that involves growth, maintenance and regulation of loss. |
|
|
Term
| Development is Multidimensional |
|
Definition
| Biological, cognitive and socioemotional. |
|
|
Term
| Development is Multidirectional |
|
Definition
| Dimensions expand and others shrink. Example: Learning a language is acquired early in development and decrease later with age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacity for change. Example: Cognitive skills can improve as we grow older, but do slow down or have less capacity with age. |
|
|
Term
| Development is Contextual |
|
Definition
| Include families, school, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods, university laboratories, countries, and so on. All these influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors. |
|
|
Term
| Normative age-graded influences |
|
Definition
| Are similar for individuals in a particular age group. Example: puberty and menopause. Also, sociocultural, environmental processes such education and retirement. |
|
|
Term
| Normative history-graded influences |
|
Definition
| Generational, the Great Depression in the 1930's, and the Civil Rights movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Events that do not happen to everyone, and when they do they can affect people in a different way. Example: The death of a loved one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adults typically face more losses than earlier in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures. Providing information about the degree to which development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality, characteristics, race, religion, and language. |
|
|
Term
| Socioeconomic status (SES) |
|
Definition
| A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. Implies certain inequalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The characteristics of people as males or females. Few aspects of our development are more central to our identity and social relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens. |
|
|
Term
| Stressors among poor and middle-income children |
|
Definition
| Family turmoil, separation, exposure to violence, crowding, excessive noise, poor housing quality. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of resilient children and their contexts |
|
Definition
Individual - Good intellectual functioning, Appealing, social, talents...
Family - Close relationship to caring parent figure, warmth, structure...
Extrafamilial - Bonds to caring adults outside the family, positive organizations, attending effective schools. |
|
|
Term
| Life expectancy in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes involved in developmental changes |
|
Definition
| Biological, cognitive and socioemotional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce changes in an individual's physical nature. Genes from parents, The development of the brain, height, weight gains, hormonal changes of puberty and cardiovascular decline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in the individuals thought, intelligence, and language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions and personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Childhood and adolescence
Prime adulthood, 20 - 59
Approx. 60 - 79
Approx. 80 - older |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to an organism's biological inheritance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to its environmental experiences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cumulative or gradual change. Example, oak tree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distinct stages, abrupt. Example, a butterfly or puberty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach that can be used to obtain accurate information. |
|
|
Term
Conceptualize the problem
Collect data
Draw conclusions
Revise research conclusions and theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help explain phenomena and facilitate predictions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pioneer architect of psychoanalytical theory. |
|
|
Term
5 stages
Oral Stage: Infant's pleasure centers on the mouth
Anal Stage: Child's pleasure focus on the anus
Phallic Stage: Child pleasure focuses on the genitals
Latency Stage: Child represses sexual interest - develops social skills
Genital Stage: Sexual reawakening - outside of family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychosocial rather than psychosexual. |
|
|
Term
8 stages
Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame/doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Industry versus inferiority
Identity versus identity confusion
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Integrity versus despair |
|
Definition
| Erikson's life-span stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swiss cognitive development |
|
|
Term
4 stages
Sensorimotor stage - reflexive, instinctual and coordination
Preoperational stage - words and images reflect symbols
Concrete operational stage - reason logically, concrete
Formal Operational stage - abstract, idealistic and logical |
|
Definition
| Piaget's cognitive development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Operant conditioning - the rat experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social cognitive model - 3 elements: behavior, the person/cognitive, and the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ecological theory - 5 systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. |
|
|
Term
| Methods for collecting data |
|
Definition
| Observation (laboratory or naturalistic setting), survey, interview, standard test, case study, physiological measures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping the behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs. They contain genetic - DNA - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A complex molecule that contains genetic information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of DNA. Help cells to reproduce themselves and help manufacture the proteins that maintain life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular reproduction - duplicates itself with two new cells - arranged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm - gametes - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called zygote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single cell formed through fertilization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often conducted seven weeks into a pregnancy and at various times later in pregnancy. - high frequency sound waves are echo transformation into visual representation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeks to discover the influences of heredity and environmental on an individual differences in human traits and development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins. |
|
|
Term
| Gene X environment (G X E) interaction |
|
Definition
| A specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First two weeks after conception - includes the zygote, cell division, the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inner layer of cells. Later called the embryo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer layer of cells. Provides nutrition and support for the embryo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prenatal development occurs two to eight weeks after conception. The cell forms and organs appear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clear fluid in which the embryo floats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Life support system containing two arteries and one vein that connects the baby to the placenta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Life support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine - but do not mix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lasting about seven months, the prenatal period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First trimester - first three months
Second trimester - middle three months
Third trimester - last three months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Example: Drugs, alcohol, caffeine etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assessment on newborn after birth. Evaluates heart, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability. |
|
|
Term
| Weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth |
|
Definition
| Low birth weight infants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Born before completion of 37 weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period after childbirth where mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Frontal - voluntary movement, thinking, personality
Parietal - Spatial location, attention, motor control
Occipital - vision
Temporal - hearing, language, memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden infant death syndrome - Infants stop breathing, usually during the night, without an apparent reason. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by severe protein deficiency - abdomen and feet become swollen with water. Appears between 1 and 3 years of age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or side of the mouth is touched. Infant turns to that side and tries to find something to suck on. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neonatal startle response, the newborn arches its back, throws its head back and flings out its arms and legs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when something touches the infants palms, responds by grasping tightly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves large muscle activity, such as walking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors - the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. |
|
|
Term
| The interpretation of what is sensed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Piaget 0 how children shift from one stage of thought to the next. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Piagetian term for the understanding that the object continues to exist even when not seen, heard or touched. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selecting the familiar hiding place, rather than the new hiding place, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs after a delay of hours or days. |
|
|
Term
| Overall score that combines subscores in motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants |
|
Definition
| Developmental Quotient (DQ). |
|
|
Term
| Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
|
Definition
| Nancy developed the three components: mental and motor scale, and an infant behavioral profile. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Units of meaning involved in word formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The meaning of words and sentences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short and precise without grammatical markers. Example: cut knife, where ball... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brains left frontal lobe that is involved in speech production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brains left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. |
|
|
Term
| Insecure resistant babies |
|
Definition
| Cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness, kicking or pushing away. - Don't explore the playroom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the presence of caregiver, infants explore the room. Should the caregiver leave, infant will protest mildly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents. Example: Peek-a-boo, games etc. |
|
|
Term
| The lower level of the gastrula |
|
Definition
| Becomes the lungs, liver and the lining of the digestive tract. |
|
|
Term
| The middle layer of the gastrula |
|
Definition
| Forms the heart, muscles, bones and blood. |
|
|
Term
| The top layer of the gastrula |
|
Definition
| Develops the nervous system, the spinal cord and the brain, as well as sink and hair. |
|
|
