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| a pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span; most development involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging, ending with death. |
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| the perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; it involves growth, maintenance, and regulation. |
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| Normative age graded influences |
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| influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group |
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| the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation |
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| comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures |
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| characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language |
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| refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics |
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| a government's course of action, designed to promote the welfare of its citizens |
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| changes in an individual's physical nature |
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| changes in a person's thought, intelligence, and language |
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| refers to the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture; nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences. |
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| involves the degree to which we become older renditions of our early experience or whether we develop into someone different from whom we were at an earlier point in development |
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| focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages |
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| an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make predictions |
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| specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy |
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| describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion |
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| includes eight stages of human development; each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. |
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| states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through fours stages of cognitive development |
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| Socio-cultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development |
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| Information processing theory |
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| emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it |
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| holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development |
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| study of behavior as it is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods |
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| Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory |
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| development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem |
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| Eclectic theoretical orientation |
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| orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach, but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered to best in it |
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| a controlled setting in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent |
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| observation of behavior in real-world settings |
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| has uniform procedures, from administration to scoring |
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| in-depth look at a single individual |
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| aims to observe and record behavior |
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| it describes the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics; provides information that will help predict how people will behave |
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| Correlational coefficient |
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| number based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables. |
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| carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant |
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| research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time |
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| research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more |
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| effects due to a person's time or birth, era, or generation but not to actual age. |
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| using an ethnic label, such as African American or Latino, in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is |
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