Cross Sectional Studies- Studying different age groups of people

Longitudinal Studies- Studying the same group of people throughout their lives

Biographical Studies- Studying one person's development based on their past. Interviews are often used.

Conception to birth

Embryo develops into a fetus

Placenta- an organ that takes nourishment ot the fetus and wastes away from the fetus

Terratogens- toxic things a mom eats or drinks that effect development

Critical period- time period where substance effect the baby the most (3 months)

Newborn Reflexes

Rooting- moving towards touch

Sucking

Swallowing

Grasping

Stepping

Vision- like patterns, will follow the gaze of another human

Depth Perception- visual cliff experiment

Motor development

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

Cephalocaudal- motor development from the top to bottom

Proximodistal- gaining motor development in the parts of the body that are closests to the center

ex: they can move their arms before their hands

Sensory-Motor Stage (0-2 years) - applying the skills they were born with to activities, becoming aware the objects exist when they are not in sight, and gaining self-awareness

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)- develop imagination, are egocentric [can't see things from someone elses' point of view,] and are wrapped up in appearance [glass experiment]

Concrete- Operational Stage (7-11 )

Learn to attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone elses' point of view.

Formal- Operation Stage (11 - adult)

Learns abstract thought 

Cristicism- development may be more gradual than stage like, and he didn't take into consideration social interaction

Preconventional level- seeing right and wrong

Conventional level- interpreting behavior in the form of social and societal approval

Postconventional level- considering justice, liberty and equality

Foreclosure- becoming what others want you to be without going through an identity crisis

Moratorium- exploring various role options without choosing one

Identity diffusion- escaping identity

Achievement- knowing who you are and where you fit into the world

(0-1) Trust vs. Mistrust- If a baby is given the things it needs by its parents it learns trust of the world.

Autonomy vs. shame and self-doubt (2-3)-

children either learn to take care of themselves or doubt themselves

Initiative vs. guilt (4-6)- children try to accomplish tasks but often feel guilt if they can't

Industry vs. Inferiority (7-12)- elementary school- being able to accomplish tasks and bring rewarded for doing so

Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19)

finding who you are and where your life is headed

Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-34)

Deciding whether on not to spend life alone

Generativity vs. stagnation (35-65)

the choice of whether or not to better society and contribute or be self-centered

1. denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance