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| usually done with large groups; used to compare populations at different sections of life |
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| (Also know as Cohort or sequential) used to compare how a cohort/group differs from one age to another; how they changed over time; it can also be used to compare one cohort to other cohorts |
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| in this research design researchers follow a cohort over a long period of time and watch how they develop and change |
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| the unmanipulated group that used as a base to compare any changes that occur within the experimental group |
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| The group that is manipulated and tested |
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| a complex molecule that contains genetic information |
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| threadlike structures that come in 23-pairs. one member of each pair coming from each parent. Chromosomes contain the genetic substance DNA |
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| Units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life |
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| Cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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| a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes) |
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| a single cell formed through fertilization. |
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| a person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material |
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| The way an individual 's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics |
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| Identical twins; develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas |
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| Fraternal twins; develop from separate eggs and sperm. making them genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings. |
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| one gene pair always exerts its effect by overriding the potential of the other gene. |
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| exerts its influence only if the genes of a pair are both recessive. |
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| term used to describe certain genetic disorders; the interaction of many different gene |
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| 3 stages of Prenatal Development |
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| Germinal period, Embryonic period, fetal period |
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| The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception. it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, & the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. |
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| The period of prenatal development that occurs 2-8 weeks after conception. During the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear. |
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| the period of prenatal development that begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7 months (on average). |
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| A life support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine. |
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| Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes |
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| Prescription & Nonprescription Drugs(antibiotics, analgesics. & asthma meds.) , Psychoactive Drugs[drugs that act on the nervous system to alter state of consciousness, modify perceptions & change moods (Caffeine, alcohol, Nicotine, cocaine/meth, Marijuana, heroin)], Maternal diseases (syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS/HIV, diabetes), Maternal Diet & Nutrition (being overweight before pregnancy, need for increased folic acid & B-complex vitamin intake, eating fish), Emotional state & stress, Maternal Age (higher risk for Down syndrome), Parental factors, Environmental Hazards |
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the manipulated variable
ex. the amount of alcohol consumed |
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the measurable outcome of the independent
ex. driving ability and the amount of cones knocked down |
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| collection of interbreeding organisms for a single species; shares a particular characteristic of interest most often that of living in a given geographical regions |
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a selective population characteristic used be government & researchers
ex. race, SES, age, educational attainment, etc. |
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a smaller group or subset of the population
ex. larger group=age, subset=the elderly |
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| a limited time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli. |
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| used for women who do not having drugs by using pain management, breathing techniques, teaching to focus, and education of stages of birth |
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| is a cell that fuses with another to reproduce |
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| the larger form of gamete that fuses with the sperm to make |
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| a simple & repeatable method to assess the the health of the newborn |
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| fertilization ovum is implanted anywhere other than the uterine wall |
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| eggs & sperm are combined in a laboratory dish(IVF); a doctor inserts eggs and sperm directly into a woman's fallopian tubes.(GIFT) |
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| at 4 months, the fetus is covered with a downy -cover of hair to keep warm; also seen on anorexics |
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| the placenta is attached to the uterine wall closing covering the cervix, usually happens during the 2nd or 3rd trimester but can occur during the 1st |
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| without oxygen; an extreme form of hypoxia or low oxygen |
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| During the 5th month (20 weeks), the skin is covered with a combination of lanugo, epithelial cells, & secretions |
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| vaginal birth after Cesarian; the cutting of the uterus |
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| Cesarian section; cutting of the uterine wall |
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| form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals a few days after giving birth. |
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| the 5th month of pregnancy (20 weeks); age at which the fetus can survive outside of the womb with use of technology |
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| a surgical incision through the perineum |
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| from the moment of implantation until end of the 8th week |
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| is a generic term for thee presence of toxins in the blood. Symptoms include swelling of the feet and protein in the urine. |
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| method of observing subjects in their natural habitat |
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| method of observing subjects in their natural habitat |
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| inheritance of phenotypic characteristics that varies in degree |
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| a map of all 23 chromosome genes to locate birth defects |
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| one member of a pair or series of different forms of gens; an individual's genotype for that gene is the set of alleles it happens to possess |
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| after the embryonic stage and before birth; the developing young is being |
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| event that occurs early in pregnancy in which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus. Embryo is known as a blastocyst during this time |
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| a disease or a disorder that is present at birth; it may be a chromosomal abnormality. intrauterine environment, or genetic abnormality |
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| ability of differentiated cells to undergo transdifferentiation; describes the degree to which an organism's phenotype is determined by its genotype (phenotypic plasticity) |
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| the sac in which the fetus develops |
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| involves a major depressive episode that typical occurs 4 weeks after delivery. EX. sadness, anxiety, despair that for a 2 week period that have difficulty |
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| some of the abnormalities involve whole chromosomes that do not separate properly during meiosis; other's are produced by harmful genes. |
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| the process in which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (aka oocyte) that participates in reproduction. |
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| the presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins (or set of individuals) |
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| theorized by G. Stanley Hall to describe the adolescent period; is unavoidable |
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| when the baby is delivered buttocks first |
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| Ultrasound sonogram, amniocentesis (15-18 weeks), Maternal blood screening [identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for bitrh defects (i.e. iron levels, cystic fibrosis, STDs/STIs, Rubella, Chicken pox)], Triple screen/alpha-fetal protein/quadruple screen [to look for spina bifida and down syndrome (between 16-18 weeks)] |
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| risk factors associated with teratogens |
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