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Life span ch 5-8
5-8
78
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/27/2011

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Term
Growth Patterns
Definition
Body begins to change. Weighs between 40-50 pounds. Stands about 3 and a half feet. Looks lean not chubby. Proportional.
Term
Nutrition
Definition
What the kid eats, How much he or she eats. Recommended milk 24 ounces and 6 oz of juice...no sweets or sweet cereal.
Term
Just right phenomenon
Definition
Complication of early nutrition is that many young children are compulsive about daily routines. Ex children eating only certain foods, prepared and presented in a particular way.
Term
Myelination
Definition
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
Grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood. It is a band or nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain.
Term
Prefrontal cortex
Definition
performs brains executive functions planning, selecting, and coordinating thoughts.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Neural centers in the limbic system linked to emotion.
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
A structure in the limbic system linked to memory.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Controls maintenance functions such as eating: helps govern endocrine system:Linked to emotion and reward.
Term
Centration
Definition
A characteristic of pre operational thought whereby a young child focuses or centers on one idea, excluding all others.
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
Piaget's term for young children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
Term
Focus on appearance
Definition
A characteristic of pre operational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.
Term
Static Reasoning
Definition
A characteristic of pre operational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
Term
Irreversibility
Definition
A characteristic of pre operational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
Term
Conservation
Definition
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e. is conserved) when its appearance changes.
Term
Animism
Definition
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.
Term
Apprentice in thinking
Definition
Vygotskys term for a person whose cognition is stimulatad and directed by older and more skilled members of society.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Temporary support that is tailored to a learners needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the nest task in given learning process.
Term
(zpd) Zone of proximal development
Definition
Vygotskys term for the skills--cognitive as well as physical--that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently
Term
Child-centered programs
Definition
Developmental programs- stressing children's natural inclination to learn through play rather than by following adult directions.
Term
Teacher-directed programs
Definition
Programs that stresses academic subjects taught by a teacher to an entire class. (Regular school)
Term
Intervention Programs
Definition
Head start is an example...basically starting education sooner rather than later.
Term
injury control/ harm reduction
Definition
Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be mace less harmful if proper controls are in place.
Term
Accidents
Definition
Leading cause of death in 40 yr olds and below.
Term
Three levels of Prevention
Definition
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Term
Primary Prevention
Definition
Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.
Term
Secondary Prevention
Definition
Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections.
Term
Tertiary prevention
Definition
Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as an illness, or abuse). aimed at reducing harm or preventing disability.
Term
Child maltreatment
Definition
Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.
Term
Child abuse
Definition
Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
Term
Child neglect
Definition
Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.
Term
Emotional regulation
Definition
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.
Term
Initiative vs Guilt
Erikson
Definition
Eriksons's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.
Term
Self-Esteem
Definition
A person's evaluation of his or her own worth, either in specifics....eg, intelligence, attractiveness or in general.
Term
Self-concept
Definition
A person's understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Basically doing something to make yourself feel good.
Term
Extrinsic motivation
Definition
Basically doing something because of being rewarded from outside.(other people or things)
Term
Baumrind's three patterns of parenting
Definition
Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative
Term
Authoritarian Parenting
Definition
Strict punishment little communication.
Term
Permissive Parenting
Definition
High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.
Term
Authoritative Parenting
Definition
Setting limits and enforcing rules but are flexible and listen to their children. (best method)
Term
Empathy
Definition
The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from ones own.
Term
Antipathy
Definition
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.
Term
Anti-social Behavior
Definition
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.
Term
Pro-social Behavior
Definition
Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
Term
Instrumental aggression
Definition
Harmful behavior that is intended to get something of a physical nature from someone and keep it.
Term
Reactive aggression
Definition
An impulsive retaliation for another person;s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.
Term
Relational aggression
Definition
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people.
Term
Bullying aggression
Definition
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.
Term
Sex Differences
Definition
Biological differences between males and females.
Term
Gender Differences
Definition
Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females.
Term
Gender schema
Definition
A child's cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences.
Term
Middle age
Definition
7-11 ....gains about 2in and 5 pounds a year.
Term
Obesity
Definition
in an adult, having a BMI of 30 or more in a child, having a BMI above the 95 percentile.
Term
Concrete operational thought
Piaget
Definition
Piagets term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
Term
Classification
Definition
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to characteristics they have in common.
Term
Transitive inference
Definition
ability to apply logic that appears at about age 7 involves making connections that are implied, not stated.
Term
Information-processing theory
Definition
comparing a humans thinking process to that of a computer.
Term
Selective attention
Definition
the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
Term
Automatization
Definition
Where repetition makes the sequence routine, no longer requiring thought.
Term
Reaction time
Definition
The time it takes to respond to a stimulus either physically or cognitively.
Term
Sensory memory or sensory register
Definition
The component of the information processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for split second to allow it to be processed.
Term
Working memory or short term
Definition
When the current, conscious mental activity occurs
Term
Long-term memory
Definition
virtually limitless amounts of info can be stored indefinitely.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
Basically when one thinks about thinking. ex I'm thinking about going out... how will i do this what will i wear.
Term
Meta-memory
Definition
The ability to understand how memory works in order to use it well.
Term
Aptitude
Definition
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
Term
IQ test
Definition
A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school.
Term
Achievement test
Definition
A measure of mastery of proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject.
Term
WISC
Definition
A test designed for school-age children.
Term
Sternberg's 3 types of Intelligence
Definition
Academic, Creative, Practical
Term
Industry vs inferiority
Definition
children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves.
Term
Social comparison
Definition
The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, by measuring against others or ones peers.
Term
Family function
Definition
The way a family works and cares for its members
Term
Family structure
Definition
The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home' includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on.
Term
Culture or children
Definition
The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society.
Term
Social cognition
Definition
Is the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior.
Term
Kohlburg's levels of morality
Definition
Pre-conventional moral reasoning-preoperational thought

Conventional moral reasoning- parallels concrete operational thought in that it relates to current, observable practices

Postconventional moral reasoning- uses logic and abstractions,
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