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| a new generation of cells or multicelled individuals like themselves |
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| parents must provide daughter cells with |
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| hereditary instructions, encoded in DNA, and enough metabolic machinery to start up their own operation |
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| some protistans, fungi, plants, animals |
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| A DNA molecule & attached proteins |
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| duplicated in preparation for mitosis |
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| telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase |
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| G1 phase-assemble carbohydrates, lipids proteins |
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| S phase-DNA and histones are copied |
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| chromosome number is diploid (2n) |
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| chromosome number is haploid (n) |
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| one of each chromosome type |
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| diploid chromosome number (n) |
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| two sets of 23 chromosomes each |
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| one set from father; one set from mother |
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| consists of two distinct sets of microtubules |
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| moves chromosomes during mitosis |
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| new microtubules are assembled |
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| one centriole pair is moved toward opposite pole of spindle |
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| spindle microtubules extend from the centrioles and attach to the centromeres of the sister chromotids |
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| all chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator |
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| chromosomes are maximally condensed |
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| sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart at the knetochores |
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| microtubules shorten and pull chromosomes toward opposite poles |
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| two nuclear membranes form, one around each set of unduplicated chromosomes |
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| cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) |
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| usually occurs between late anaphase and end of telophase |
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| a ring of microfilaments in the same plane as the spindle equator contracts, dividing the animal cell |
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| individual cells of a human embryo divide, developing from a paddle-like structure into a hand |
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| Once S begins, the cycle automatically |
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| runs through G2 and mitosis |
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| The cycle has a built-in molecular brake in |
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| Cancer involves a loss of |
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| control over the cycle, malfunction of the "brakes" |
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| some cells normally stop in |
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| nutrient-deprived amoebas |
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| signal the start of mitosis |
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| sometimes a checkpoint gene |
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| mutates and control over cell division is lost |
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| cells uncontrollable division forms |
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| an abnormal mass called a tumor |
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| become attached to the wall of a blood or lymph vessel |
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| cancer cells creep or tumble along inside blood vessels, then |
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| leave the bloodstream the same way they got in. |
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| line of human cancer ells that can be grown in culture |
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| descendants of tumor cells from a woman named Henrietta Lacks |
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