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| The liver plays a central role in |
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| consumption of too much alcohol |
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| can lead to alcoholic hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis |
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| First law of thermodynamics |
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| energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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| the total amount of energy in the universe remains |
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| energy can undergo conversions from one form to another, but |
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| it cannot be created or destroyed |
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| potential, kinetic, chemical |
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| capacity to do work because of something's location and the arrangement of its parts |
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| potential energy of molecules |
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| Second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy tends to flow from concentrated to less concentrated forms |
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Term
| the cost of concentrating it n one area comes at a greater cost of |
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Definition
| energy dispersal or dilution somewhere else |
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| the total amount of energy is |
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| flowing from high-energy forms to forms lower in energy |
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| life's primary energy source |
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| trap energy from the sun and convert it into chemical bond energy |
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| all organisms use the energy stored in the bonds of |
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| organic compounds to do work |
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| between producers ans consumers |
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| measure of degree of disorder in a system |
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| as systems lose energy they become |
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Definition
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| The world of life maintains a high degree of organization because |
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Definition
| it is replenished with energy from the sun |
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| the molecules of life do not |
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Definition
| it takes net inputs of energy to force small molecules to combine into larger ones |
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| Participants in Metabolic Reactions |
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| reactants, intermediates, products, ATP/Energy carriers, enzymes, cofactors, transport proteins |
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| product has more energy than starting substances |
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| products have less energy than starting substance |
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| When ATP gives up a phosphate group |
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Definition
| ADP binds to inorganic phosphate or to a phosphate group that was split from a different molecule |
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| regenerating ATP by this ATP/ADP cycle helps |
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Definition
| drive most metabolic reactions |
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| reactions do not alter or use up |
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| The same enzyme usually works for |
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Definition
| both the forward and reverse reactions |
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| each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to |
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| the minimum amount of energy required to get any reaction to the point where it will run spontaneously. with no further energy input |
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| for a reaction to occur, an energy barrier must be surmounted |
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| may promote acid-base reactions |
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| A cellular change, caused by a specific activity, shuts down the |
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Definition
| activity that brought it about |
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| factors influencing enzyme activity |
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Definition
| temperature, pH, salt concentration, allosteric regulators, co-enzymes and cofactors |
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| small increase in temperature increases |
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Definition
| molecular collisions, reaction rates |
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Definition
| disrupt bonds and destroy the shape of active site |
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| accept electrons and hydrogen ions |
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| defined as enzyme-mediated sequences of reactions in cells |
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