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Definition
| results of losing, gaining, and sharing electrons are ___________, attractive forces that hold atoms together in molecules |
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Definition
| the electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions that holds them together in crystals is called an _________. |
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Definition
| positively or negatively charge atoms are called __________. |
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| An atom with a partially full outermost electron shell can also become stable by sharing electrons with another atom, forming a _____________. |
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Definition
| Between a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond and another atom in a polar covalent bond. |
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| Name a common polar molecule. |
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Definition
| Water with its charged poles. |
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Term
| Name 4 reasons why water is so important to life. |
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Definition
Water interacts with may other molecules.
Many molecules dissolve easily in water
Water molecules stick together (cohesion and surface tension)
Water can form ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that releases hydrogen ions when it is disolved in water. If the concetration of H+ is > OH- the solution is acidic. |
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Definition
| a substance that combines with hydrogen ions, reducing their number. The OH- combines with H+, reducing the number of H+ ions. The solution then contains an excess of OH- and is basic. |
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Definition
| substance that tends to maintain a solution at a constant ph by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration. |
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Definition
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| Why is carbon so important to life? |
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Definition
| The carbon atom is so versatile. It has room for 4 more electrons in it's outer shell. It can form a variety of complex shapes. |
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Definition
| molecules that have a carbon skeleton and also contain some hydrogen atoms. |
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Definition
| groups of atoms that attach to the carbon backbone and determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecules. These are less stable than the carbon backbone and are more likely to participate in chemical reactions. |
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Term
| Name six important functional groups in biological molecules and their formula. |
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Definition
Hydrogen -H; Hydroxyl -OH (Carbs, nucleic acids, alcohols, some acids, and steroids); Carboxyl -COOH (Amino acids, fatty acids); Amino -NH2 (Amino acids, nucleic acids); Phospate -H2PO4 (Nucleic acids, phospholipids)
Methyl -CH3 (common in lipids) |
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Term
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Definition
| How biological molecules are joined together. A hydrogen atom is removed from one subunit and a hydroxyl group (OH) removed from a second subunit. These free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions combine to form a water molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| to break apart with water. Splits a large molecule into individual subunits. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen CH20. |
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Term
| Name the 3 principle subtypes of Carbohydrates and give an example. |
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Definition
| Monosaccharide- glucose; Disaccharide- Sucrose; Polysaccharide-Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose |
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| What is the function of a Carbohydrate? |
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Definition
| Important energy souce for cells, transport sugar, structural material, energy storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains high proportion of carbon and hydrogen; usually nonpolar and insoluble in water. Lipids are wax, oil, cholesterol, steroids, and phospolipids. |
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Term
| Name the 4 priciple subtypes of Lipids. |
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Definition
Oil and fat;Wax;
Phospolipid (polar phosphate group and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol); Steroids- four fused rings of carbon atoms with funcitonal groups attached. |
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| What is the function of oil and fat? |
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Definition
| Energy storage in animal and some plants. |
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| What is the function of wax? |
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Definition
| waterproof covering on leaves and stems of land plants. |
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Term
| What is the function of a phospholipid? |
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Definition
| Part of membranes in cells. |
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Definition
| A steroid. Part of membrane of cells; precursor of other steroids such as testosterone, bile salts. |
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Definition
| Chains of amino acids; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. |
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Term
| Name 3 examples of proteins. |
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Definition
| Keratin (component of hair); Silk; Hemolobin (transport of oxygen in vertebrate blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual subunit of which proteins are made. They have peptide bonds which are a covalent bond between the amino group's nitrogen and the carboxyl group's carbon of a seconde amino acid. There are 20 in our bodies each with different R group. |
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Definition
| Made of nucleotide subunits. phosphate, sugar and base (out of 4 bases). ATGC |
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Definition
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| DNA-genetic material of all living cells. |
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| RNA- genetic material of some viruses and in living cells it is essential in transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein. |
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Term
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| principal short-term energy carrier |
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Term
| Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cyclic AMP) |
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Definition
| molecule in cells; intracellular messenger. |
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Definition
| store energy and serve as building blocks |
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Definition
| store energy and provide support |
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Definition
| the most abundant organic molecule on earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| saturated with hydrogens; they have as many hydrogens as possible. They tend to very straight and they nestle closely together, forming solid lumps at room temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| if the fatty acid has fewer attached hydrogens. tend to have bends and kinks. |
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Term
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Definition
| have a water-soluble head and water-insoluble tail. |
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Definition
| proteins that guide most all the chemical reactions that occur inside cells. |
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| what gives a protein its function? |
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Definition
| It's three dimensional shape. |
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Definition
| proteins whose shape is disrupted by temperature or ph change. |
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Term
| Name the 4 principle biological molecules. |
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Definition
Carbohydrates;
lipids (such as wax, cholesterol and other steroids, and phospolipids); protein (amino acids that form Keratin, silk, hemaoglobin etc.);
Nucleic acids (such as RNA, DNA, ATP, cyclic AMP) |
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Term
| In covalent bonds how many electrons are shared? |
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Definition
| Always shared in pairs. (2) |
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Term
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Definition
| triglicerides. 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol head. |
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