category of metabolism

Releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple ones

category of metabolism

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

less stable

Greater work capacity

free energy decreases ΔG<0 

more stable

released energy can be harnessed to do work

more stable 

less work capacity

transferring phosphate group to another molecule

recipient is phosphorylated 

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by reaction. 

Lowers energy barrier

doesnt affect ΔG

orienting substrate correctly

straining substrate bonds

providing favourable microenvironment

covalently bonding to substrate

non protein enzyme helpers 

may be inorganic

organic cofactor

includes vitamins

inhibit

stimulate

binding of activator stabilizes active form of enzyme

binding of inhibitor stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme

form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity 

binding by a substrate to one active sight stabilizes favourable conformation changes at ALL other subunits

uses O₂ made from photosynthesis. 

ultimate goal is to produce ATP

includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration (usually refers to aerobic though) 

consumes organic molecules and O₂ 

yields ATP

transfer of electrons between reactants

oxidation - reduction

Coenzyme 

oxidizing agent used in cellular respiration

reduced NAH⁺

stored energy that is tapped to synthesis ATP

electrons are passed to chain by NADH

Passes electrons in a series of small steps

oxygen pulls electrons down chain in an energy yielding tumble

energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP

breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules

2 phases: energy investment and energy payoff

accounts for most ATP synthesis (90%)

powered by redox reactions

smaller amount in substrate level phosphorylation 

before citric acid cycle, pyruvate must be converted to this.

links glycolysis to citric acid cycle

occurs in mitochondrial matrix.

oxidizes organic fuel from pyruvate, making ATP

3NADH and 1 FADH₂ per turn

1: Acetyl CoA

2: Oxalacetate

3: Citrate

4: Isocitrate

5: Alpha Keto Glutirate 

6: Succinyl CoA

7: Succinate

8: Fumarate

9: Malate

(Malate back to oxalacetate

gets electrons from glycolysis and citric acid cycle to power ATP synthesis via Oxidative Phosphorylation

in cristae in mitochondria 

carriers alternate reduced and oxidized forms to pass electrons 

MAKES NO ATP

 function is to break large free energy drop from food to O₂ into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts

H+ gradient 

energy stored in gradient couples redox reactions of electron transport chain

glucose→NADH→electron transport chain→proton motor force→ATP

max of 38 ATP created

pyruvate reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product

no CO₂ release

muscles use to make ATP

splits H₂O

↓

Releases O₂

↓

Reduces NADH to NADPH

↓

Generates ATP via Photophosphorylation

in stroma. Forms sugar from CO₂ using ATP and NADPH

Carbon enters as CO2, leaves as glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. cycle must run 3 times to make 1 G3P

first step in calvin cycle

incorporates CO2 into organic molecule

PS2

PS1

works first

best absorbs wavelengths of 680 (P680)

each electron falls down elec. transport chain. from primary electron acceptor of PS1.

works second

better energy yield. best at absorbing 700 wavelength

primary

involves photosystems and produces ATP & NADPH

only PS1. produces ATP but no NADPH

generates surplus ATP to satisfy calvin cycle

Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP

Chloroplasts transform light energy to ATP

carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)

Reduction

Regeneratin of CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

incorperate CO2 into 4 carbon organic acids in mesophyll cells

requires PEP carboxylace

acids exported to bundle sheath cells (storage) to release Co2 that is then used in calvin cycle

reception

transduction

response

receptor activates another protein, which activates anther, and so on.. until protein producing response is activated

protein kinases and protein phosphotases

small, nonprotein, water soluble molecules or ions that signal throughout cell by diffusion. 

participate in pathways initiated by G protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinase

inositol triphosphate (IP₃)

Diacylglycerol (DAG

large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached to, for easy access when needed.

like a toolbelt