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| the smallest unit of measure that retains the properties of an element |
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| a subatomic particle having no electrical charge |
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| subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge |
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| a subatomic particle with a single negative electical charge |
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| any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemicle reactions |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| the total mass of an atom |
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| a substance that is dissolved in a solution |
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| the dissolving agent of a solution. water is the most versitile solvent known. |
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| chemicle group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom |
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| one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
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| an isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles of energy |
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| a type of weak chemicle bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water |
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| a type of strong chemicle bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
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| a type of covalent bond in wich electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity |
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| a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive |
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| the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on the another, formed by a dehydration reaction |
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| a chemicle bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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| an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus aquiring a charge |
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| a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule |
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| the diffusion of water across a selectivley permeable membrane |
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| the diffusion of a substance across a biolgical membrane with no expenditure of energy |
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| cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane |
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| a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in a value from 0-14 |
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| a substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution |
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| a chemicle group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. molecules possesing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols |
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| a chemicle group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom |
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| if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton |
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| if the carbonyl group is within the a carbon skeleton |
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| a chemicle group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms |
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| the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
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| a measure of mass for atoms and subatomical particles |
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| the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus |
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| covalent bond between the carboxyle group on one amino acid and the amino group of antoher, formed by dehydration reaction |
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| a chemicle group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms |
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| the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemicle reactions of the atom |
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| a chemicle group consisting of a sulfer atom bonded to a hydrogen atom |
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| a chemicle group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms |
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| a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by a dehydration reaction |
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| a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
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| a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemicle groups attached |
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| a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| a substancethat reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| the spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient, from a region where it is more concentrated to a reagion where it is less concentrated |
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| the movement of a substance across a cell membrane, against its concentration or electrochemicle gradient |
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| the cellular sectretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane |
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| what are the levels of biological organization? |
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Definition
| biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules |
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Definition
1- science is guided by natural laws
2-science provides explanations by reference to natural laws
3-science is testible against the observable world
4-scientific conclusions are tentative
5- science is falsifiable |
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| what question can it NOT answer? |
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Definition
| science cannot address the possibility of supernatural phenomena because hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable |
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Definition
| new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life |
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| how do atoms fill their valence shells? |
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Definition
| the atoms either share or transfer valence electrons..called chemicle bonds. |
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| what happens when an atom loses or gains an electron? |
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Definition
| if it gains an electron it becomes a cation, if it loses one it becomes a anion |
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| 96% of living matter is composed of which element? |
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Definition
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon |
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| present & required in very small amounts |
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| what are examples of essential elements? |
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Definition
| HONK, phosphorus, sulfer, calcium, or potassium |
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| how can you distinguish one element from another? |
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Definition
| by the number of protons, neutrons and electrons |
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Definition
| one of several atomic forms of an element; two atoms with the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons |
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| how do isotopes of carbon differ from eachother? |
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| formed when valence electrons are shared by two atoms |
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| what is the difference between polar & non-polar covalent bonds? |
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Definition
| non-polar bonds share electrons equally while polar bonds do not |
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| how many atoms does it take to fill the valence shells of H,O,N,C? |
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