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Definition
| regulatory switch that is a segment of DNA usually in a promoter |
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Definition
| stretch of DNA that includes operator, promoter, and genes they control |
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Definition
switches off protein
binds to operator and blocks RNA polymerase |
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Definition
repressor. product of seperate gene
can be active or inactive |
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Definition
| molecule that cooperates w/ repressor protein to switch operon off |
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| inactivates repressor to turn ac operon on |
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Term
| catabolic activator protein (CAP) |
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Definition
activator of transcription.
activated by binding with cAMP |
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Term
| differential gene expression |
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Definition
| diff. between cell types cause expression of different genes by cells w/ same genes |
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Definition
attached to pos. charged lysines in histone tails
loosens chromatin structure |
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Term
addition of methyl groups (methylation)
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Definition
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| adding phosphate groups (phosphorylation) |
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Definition
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Definition
| methylation regulates expression of either maternal or paternal alleles of certain genes at start of development |
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Definition
| inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving nucleotide sequence |
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Definition
| segments of noncoding DNA that help regulate transcription by binding certain proteins |
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Definition
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Definition
| binds to enhancer and stimulates transcription of genes |
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Definition
| giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them |
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Definition
| small single stranded RNA molecules that can bind to mRNA |
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Definition
| Phenom. inhibition of gene expression by RNA molecules |
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Definition
| maternal substances in egg that influence early development |
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Term
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Definition
| encode for cytoplasmic determinants that establish axes of body |
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Term
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Definition
| protein shell encloses genome |
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Term
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Definition
| surround capsids of many viruses in animals |
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Definition
| limited number of host cells virus can infect |
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Term
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Definition
| makes new phages and digests host cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
doesnt digest host
Virus dna is incorperated into host cell's chromasome |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| virulent DNA incorperated into host |
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Term
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Definition
| use both lytic and lysogenic cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| use reverse transcriptase |
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Term
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Definition
| using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| small circular DNA molecules that replicate seperately from bacterial chromasomes |
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Term
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Definition
cut DNA at restriction sites.
makes fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| dna cut in staggered way by restriction enzymes, that bond with complimentary sticky ends |
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Term
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Definition
| seals bonds between restriction enzymes |
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Definition
| original plasmid in cloning |
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Term
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Definition
| genomic library stored as collection of phage clones |
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Term
| bacterial artificial chromasome (BAC) |
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Definition
| large plasmid trimmed down to carry large DNA insert |
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Term
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Definition
| library made by cloning DNA in vitro by reverse transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| only part of the genome. subset of genes transcribed into mRNA in original cells |
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Term
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Definition
| can identify clone carrying gene by havng complementary sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| cloning vector that contains a highly active prokaryotic promoter |
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Term
| yeast artificial chromasomes (YAC) |
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Definition
| cultured eukaryotic cells used as host cells. use as vectors help avoid gene expression problems. can carry more DNA than plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
| way of introducing recombinant DNA with use of electric shock |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| produces many copies of spec. target DNA. process of heating cooling and replication that makes exponentially growing population of identical DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular seive to separate nucleic acids and proteins by size |
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Term
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Definition
| combines gel electrophoresis w/ nucleic acid hybridization. use labeled probes that hybridize to DNA on blot of gel |
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Term
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Definition
| gel electrophoresis of mRNA followed by hybridization w/ probe on a membrane |
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Term
| reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
| quicker and more sensative. Added to mRNA to make cDNA which serves as template for PCR amp |
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Term
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Definition
| compare partners of gene expression in diff. tissues at diff. times or under diff. conditions |
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Definition
| study of whole sets of genes and their interpretations |
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Definition
| systematic study of all proteins encoded by a genome |
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Definition
| expresses distance between genetic markers |
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Definition
| multiple copies in genome |
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Term
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Definition
| move from one site to another in cell's DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| move within genome by means of DNA intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
| move within genome by means of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
many copies of tandemly repeated shor sequence.
series of repeating units 2-5 nucleotides is short tandem repeater |
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Definition
| enzyme that helps protect animals against bacterial infection |
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Definition
| non enzymatic protein that plays role in milk production in mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| homeotic genes in animals |
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Definition
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Definition
| determines which traits will be selected for or against in any specific population |
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Definition
| evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups |
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Term
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Definition
| in nucleotides, only gamete mutations are passed on |
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Term
| 2 processes make evolution possible |
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Definition
sexual reproduction
mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| localized group of individual capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
consists of all alleles for all loci in population.
locus is fixed if all individuals in population are homozygous for same allele |
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Definition
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| major factors in evolutionary change |
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Definition
| natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow |
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Term
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Definition
| allele frequencies fluctuate from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
few individuals become isolated from larger population
alleles diff. than larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden reduction in population size due to change in environment |
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Definition
| favours individuals at one end of phenotypic range |
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Term
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Definition
| middle allele selected less. Favours ends of phenotypic range |
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Term
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Definition
| favours intermediate in phenotypic range |
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