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LGSA Court Cases (Chapter 4)
Important Court Cases for the Test
113
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
09/21/2011
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Term
Barron V. Baltimore
 Definition
(1833); Court confirms dual citizenship - each American is a citizen of the national government and separately a citizen of one of the states.
Term
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company v. Chicago
 Definition
(1897); The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did in fact prohibit states from taking property for a public use without compensation.
Term
Gitlow v. New York
 Definition
(1925); Supreme Court rules that the freedom of speech is protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and cannot be changed by the states. Also created the "Dangerous Tendency Test."
Term
Near v. Minnesota
 Definition
(1931); Supreme Court rules that the freedom of the press is protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and cannot be changed by states.
Term
Hague v. C.I.O.
 Definition
(1939); Supreme Court rules that the freedom of assembly is protected by the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment, and cannot be changed by states.
Term
Palko v. Connecticut
 Definition
(1937); States allowed to engage in searches and seizures without warrants, indict accused persons without benefit of a grand jury, deprive one of trial by jury, force people to testify against themselves, to deprive accused persons to confront adverse witnesses, and to commit double jeopardy; limitations on states not included in Fourteenth Amendment protections.
Term
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
 Definition
(1937); Supreme Court interprets "interstate commerce" in favor of federal government regulation.
Term
Gideon v. Wainwright
 Definition
(1963); Established the right to counsel in a criminal trial.
Term
Mapp v. Ohio
 Definition
(1961); Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment ban on unreasonable searches and seizures would be excluded from trial. Established the "exclusionary rule."
Term
Miranda v. Arizona
 Definition
(1966); Supreme Court rules that arrested persons be informed of the right to remain silent and to have counsel present during interrogation. Establishes the "Miranda Rule."
Term
Abington School District v. Schempp
 Definition
(1963); Supreme Court ruled that Bible reading is not permitted in public school under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
Term
Engel v. Vitale
 Definition
(1962); Supreme Court ruled that nondenominational prayer is not permitted in public school under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
Term
Wallace v. Jaffree
 Definition
(1985); Supreme Court ruled that a moment of silence for medication and that pregame prayer at public sporting events are not permitted in public school under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
Term
Lynch v. Donnelly
 Definition
(1984); Supreme Court rules that city-sponsored nativity scenes in commercial or municipal areas are allowed under the First Amendment.
Term
Lemon v. Kurtzman
 Definition
(1971); Supreme Court case dealing with the nullification of state payments for the teaching of secular subjects in Church schools. Resulted in the "Lemon Rule."
Term
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow
 Definition
(2004); Supreme Court rules that, due to an insufficient personal stake, the phrase "under God" remains protected by the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
Term
Employment Division v. Smith
 Definition
(1990); Supreme Court ruled that the use of illegal drugs for religious purposes is not protected by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.
Term
City of Boerne v. Flores
 Definition
(1997); Supreme Court declares the Religious Freedom and Restoration Act of 1993 unconstitutional; the act overstepped the powers of the judiciary in regards to lawmaking.
Term
United States v. Carolene Products Company
 Definition
(1938); Supreme Court establishes that any attempt to restrict the First Amendment is subject to Judicial Scrutiny.
Term
Brandenburg v. Ohio
 Definition
(1969); Supreme Court rules that the state cannot forbid the First Amendment in any circumstance unless it incites or promotes lawlessness that is likely to occur. Brandenburg freed.
Term
Buckley v. Valeo
 Definition
(1976); Supreme Court rules that campaign finance reform laws (limits on campaign spending) are unconstitutional under the First Amendment.
Term
McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
 Definition
(2003); Congress allowed to place limits on spending amounts and "soft money" (money spent by corps issue advertising prior to Election Day.)
Term
Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life
 Definition
(2007); Supreme Court rules that the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002's limits on campaign advertising violate the First Amendment.
Term
Davis v. Federal Election Commission
 Definition
(2008); Supreme Court rules that the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002's Millionaire Amendment (increased contribution limits for wealthy candidates) violated the First Amendment.
Term
United States v. O'Brien
 Definition
(1968); Established the O'Brien test; requires justification of any restriction on expressive or symbolic speech: compelling government interest and narrowly tailored on achieving that interest.
Term
Texas v. Johnson
 Definition
(1989); Supreme Court rules that a Texas Statue banning flag burning is unconstitutional; protected by the First Amendment (expressive/symbolic speech).
Term
Virginia v. Black
 Definition
(2003); Supreme Court rules that a Virgina statue banning cross-burning unconstitutional. Protected by the First Amendment.
Term
NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson
 Definition
(1958); Supreme Court rules that the state of Alabama cannot use membership lists of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in the state's investigations; violates "privacy in one's association."
Term
Reno v. ACLU
 Definition
(1997); Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act is unconstitutional; Adults have the constitutional right to view internet pornography, and the government cannot limit the material children view.
Term
United States v. American Library Association
 Definition
(2003); Supreme Court finds the Children's Internet Protection Act of 2001 constitutional; it does not violate the first amendment. (Adults can ask to view such material).
Term
United States v. Williams
 Definition
(2008); Supreme Court finds the PROTECT art constitutional; the criminalization of child pornography is not a violation of the First Amendment.
Term
Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire
 Definition
(1942); Supreme Court upholds the arrest of a man for using offensive language against a police officer; such speech is "no essential part of any exposition of ideas."
Term
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
 Definition
(1992); Supreme Court rules that a hate speech ordinance is unconstitutional; it is not content neutral because it prohibited cross-burning only.
Term
Capital Broadcasting Company v. Acting Attorney General
 Definition
(1972); Supreme Court upholds laws prohibiting electronic media from having cigarette advertising.
Term
Lorillard Tobacco v. Reilly
 Definition
(2001); Supreme Court rules that a Massachusetts ban on all cigarette advertising violates the first amendment; tobacco companies are allowed to advertise.
Term
District of Columbia v. Heller
 Definition
(2008); Supreme Court rules that the federal government cannot prohibit individuals from owning guns for self-defense in their homes.
Term
Horton v. California
 Definition
(1990); Supreme Court ruling in which the Supreme Court outlined the Fourth Amendment: a search compromises personal privacy, and a seizure compromises an individual's domain over property.
Term
Escobedo v. Illinois
 Definition
(1964); Supreme Court rules that suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations, not just when their cases reach trials.
Term
Wiggins v. Smith
 Definition
(2003); Supreme Court overturns the death sentence of a Maryland man; lawyer failed to fully inform the jury of childhood abuse.
Term
Furman v. Georgia
 Definition
(1972); Supreme Court overrules several state death-penalty laws because they violated the Eighth Amendment protection from cruel and unusual punishment.
Term
Roe v. Wade
 Definition
(1973); Supreme Court rules that a woman's right to abortion remains protected by the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments (one of privacy) and that states cannon make an abortion a criminal act.
Term
Bowers v. Hardwick
 Definition
(1986); Supreme Court rules that the Constitution has no rights in regards to homosexuality and sodomy; ruled against Hardwick.
Term
Lawrence and Garner v. Texas
 Definition
(2003); Supreme Court overturns Hardwick decision, and rules that state legislatures no longer maintain authority to make private sexual behavior a crime.
Term
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
 Definition
(2004); Supreme Court rules that President Bush's antiterrorism actions and laws remain subject to Judicial Scrutiny, placing some restricitons on the president's power.
Term
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
 Definition
(2006); Supreme Court rules that President Bush's military tribunals were unauthorized by statute and deprived defedants of rights and safeguards; also ruled that the president could order unlawful combatants to military tribunals under LAWFUL conditions.
Term
Plessy v. Ferguson
 Definition
(1896); Supreme Court upholds a Louisiana statute that required the segregation of races via means of transportation. Also ruled it was "separate but equal."
Term
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
 Definition
(1938); Supreme Court overrules Missouri's policy of paying tuition for qualified blacks to out-of-state law schools and not allowing them to the University of Missouri Law School.
Term
Sweatt v. Painter
 Definition
(1950); Supreme Court overrules University of Texas Law School regulation creating separate but unequal facilities for different races; violation of Due Process and Protection.
Term
Smith v. Allwright
 Definition
(1944); Supreme Court ruling which overturned the Southern practice of legally excluding blacks from participation in the nominating process; "white primaries."
Term
Shelley v. Kraemer
 Definition
(1948); Supreme Court overrules "restrictive constraints," where the seller of a house includes a clause on sales contracts, including an agreement not to resell the home to a non-white or non-Christian.
Term
Brown v. Board of Education
 Definition
(1954); Supreme Court decision prohibiting segregation within schools and allowed the federal government to intervene in discriminatory situations within a state. Includes a 1955 re-agreement entailing "all deliberate speed."
Term
Cooper v. Aaron
 Definition
(1957); Supreme Court decision requiring the desegregation of all schools in Little Rock.
Term
Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education
 Definition
(1958); Supreme Court decision upholding the "pupil placement" plan, in which students are assigned to different schools with no "mention" of race; there was no IMMEDIATE obligation for desegregation.
Term
Katzenbach v. McClung
 Definition
(1964); Supreme Court ruling that intrastate restaurants could not practice segregation because the supplies are "interstate products." An extension of Interstate Commerce.
Term
Griggs v. Duke Power Company
 Definition
(1971); Supreme Court ruling that employers had to justify their actions in cases dealing with job based discrimination.
Term
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
 Definition
(2007); Supreme Court ruling that a complaint of gender discrimination must be brought within 180 days of the time the discrimination was alleged to have occurred.
Term
Franklin v. Gwinnet County Public Schools
 Definition
(1992); Supreme Court ruling that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages. Title IX prohibits gender discrimination in public schools.
Term
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
 Definition
(1986); Supreme Court ruling defining two types of sexual harassment: quid pro quo (sexual extortion) and hostile environment (sexual intimidation).
Term
United States v. Virginia
 Definition
(1996); Supreme Court ruling abolishing all-male public schools; ruled that the Virginia Military Institute's policy of prohibiting women was unconstitutional.
Term
Harris v. Forklift Systems
 Definition
(1993); Supreme Court ruling that sexual harassment may be legally actionable even if the employee did not experience mental harm.
Term
Burlington Industries v. Ellerth
 Definition
(1998); Supreme Court ruling that an employer may his or herself by proving sexual harassment prevention and grievance policy was in effect.
Term
Faragher v. City of Boca Raton
 Definition
(1998); Supreme Court ruling that an employer may his or herself by proving sexual harassment prevention and grievance policy was in effect.
Term
United States v. Wong Kim Ark
 Definition
(1898); Supreme Court ruling that anyone born in the United States was entitled to full citizenship.
Term
Lau v. Nichols
 Definition
(1974); A Supreme Court ruling that school districts have to provide education for student with limited ability at speaking or writing English.
Term
California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians
 Definition
(1987); Supreme Court ruling that prevented most state regulations prohibiting gambling from applying to freed Native American tribes.
Term
Romer v. Evans
 Definition
(1996); Supreme Court ruling that declared a 1992 Colorado Constitutional Amendment that prohibited local government from passing ordinances that protected gay rights unconstitutional.
Term
Reagents of the University of California v. Bakke
 Definition
(1978); Supreme Court ruling that allowed universities to take minority status into consideration during the admissions process, but severely limited the use of quotas.
Term
Wards Cove Packing Company v. Atonio
 Definition
(1989); Supreme Court ruling that the burden of proof of unlawful discrimination now rests on the plaintiff (person accused).
Term
Martin v. Wilks
 Definition
(1989); Supreme Court ruling that white men who allege reverse discrimination could challenge any affirmative action program approved by federal courts.
Term
Adarand Constructors v. Pena
 Definition
(1995); Supreme Court ruling that race-based policies must survive strict scrutiny, that governments must show compelling interest in these programs, and that such policies are narrowly tailored to combat discrimination.
Term
Hopwood v. State of Texas
 Definition
(1996); Supreme Court ruling that race cannot be considered in granting admissions or scholarships to state colleges or universities.
Term
Gratz v. Bollinger
 Definition
(2003); Supreme Court ruling that the University of Michigan Law School's admissions process was narrowly tailored to the school's compelling state interest in diversity; race counted but was not used in a "mechanical way."
Term
Gruter v. Bollinger
 Definition
(2003); Supreme Court ruling that the points system used by the University of Michigan's Law School violated the Equal Protection clause; diversity can be a compelling state interest, but can only be used as a plus.
Term
Slaughterhouse Cases
 Definition
(1873); Supreme Court decision that the Fourteenth Amendment only applies to African Americans.
Term
Schneck v. United States
 Definition
(1919); Ruled that speech can be limited IF a clear and present danger exists and will perpetuate legitimate harm.
Term
National Socialist Party v. Skokie
 Definition
(1977); Supreme Court ruling that overturned the Illinois junction against uniforms, symbols, and pamphlets; violated the First Amendment.
Term
Roth v. United States
 Definition
(1957); Supreme Court ruling that mail solicitation and distribution (in this case, a pornographic magazine) does not count as constitutionally protected speech.
Term
Miller v. California
 Definition
(1973); Supreme Court ruling that advertising via mail does not count as constitutionally protected speech.
Term
Everson v. Board of Education
 Definition
(1947); Supreme Court ruling that transportation subsidies to public and religious schools did not violate the Establishment Clause.
Term
Lee v. Weisman
 Definition
(1991); Supreme Court ruling that the inclusion of religious figures within public schools to offer prayers violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
Term
Katz v. United States
 Definition
(1967); Supreme Court decision that wiretapping violates the Fourth Amendment protections against illegal searches and seizures.
Term
Benton v. Maryland
 Definition
(1968); Supreme Court decision that the double jeopardy protection of the Fifth Amendment applies to the states.
Term
Gregg v. Georgia
 Definition
(1975); Supreme Court decision that the death penalty does not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution.
Term
Griswold v. Connecticut
 Definition
(1965); Supreme Court ruling that the 1879 Connecticut Law banning contraceptives for married couples violates the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments of the Constitution, the "zone of privacy."
Term
Eisenstadt v. Baird
 Definition
(1972); Supreme Court decision that the Massachusetts ban on contraceptives for married couples failed the "rational basis test."
Term
Webster v. Reproductive Health
 Definition
(1989); Supreme Court decision that the Missouri ban on counseling services for post-abortion women is constitutional. This nearly overturned the Roe decision.
Term
Planned Parenthood SE PA v. Casey
 Definition
(1992); Supreme Court ruling that the Pennsylvania statute requiring women to give informed consent on an abortion and a twenty-four hour waiting period is upheld, but husband notification was rendered "an undue burden."
Term
Gonzales v. Carhart & Conzales v. Planned Parenthood
 Definition
(2007); Supreme Court rulings that the Partial Birth Abortion Act of 2003 is not unduly vague.
Term
Stenberg v. Carhart
 Definition
(2000); Supreme Court ruling that Nebraska's "late term"/"partial birth" abortion prohibition was vague and unenforceable.
Term
Marbury v. Madison
 Definition
(1803); Supreme Court ruling that Congress cannot enforce unconstitutional acts.
Term
McCulloch v. Maryland
 Definition
(1819); Supreme Court ruling that in state v. nation conflicts, the federal government always succeeds.
Term
Gibbons v. Ogden
 Definition
(1824); Supreme Court ruling that Interstate Commerce Power is comprehensive and applies to all states.
Term
Clemons v. Department of Commerce
 Definition
(2010); Supreme Court rules the Wyoming Plan is unenforceable.
Term
Colgrove v. Green
 Definition
(1946); Supreme Court rules that reapportionment is a political issue to be left with the states.
Term
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
 Definition
(1960); Supreme Court declares racial gerrymandering unconstitutional and violates voting rights / representation. DID NOT OVERTURN COLGROVE RULING.
Term
Baker v. Carr
 Definition
(1962); Supreme Court overturns the Colegrove ruling; violates the 14th amendment.
Term
Reynolds v. Sims
 Definition
(1964); Supreme Court rules that "one-person-one-vote" applies to the states, and rule that both houses
Term
Wesbury v. Sanders
 Definition
(1964); Supreme Court applies "one-person-one-vote" to Congress.
Term
Wesbury v. Sanders
 Definition
(1964); Supreme Court applies "one-person-one-vote" to Congress.
Term
Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
 Definition
(1969); Supreme Court rules against Missouri 6% representation; 1% representation for "one-person-one-vote."
Term
White v. Weiser
 Definition
(1973); Supreme Court rules against Texas representation of 5%; needs 1%.
Term
Karcher v. Daggett
 Definition
(1983); Supreme Court rules against New Jersey representation of 0.7%; needs 1%.
Term
Davis v. Bandemer
 Definition
(1986); Supreme Court finds Indiana gerrymandering to be non-partisan.
Term
Badham v. Eu
 Definition
(1989); Supreme Court finds California gerrymandering to be non-partisan.
Term
Vieth v. Jubelier
 Definition
(2004); Supreme Court finds Pennsylvania gerrymandering to be non-partisan.
Term
Mobile v. Bolden
 Definition
(1980); Supreme Court rules that Bolden could not show intent with Mobile discrimination.
Term
Thornburg v. Gingles
 Definition
(1986); Supreme Court rules that voting practices were discriminatory against blacks. (Racial Gerrymandering)
Term
Shaw v. Reno
 Definition
(1993); Supreme Court rules racial gerrymandering in North Carolina districts; remanded to the states.
Term
Miller v. Georgia
 Definition
(1995); Supreme Court invalidates Georgia redistricting; violates the Equal Protection Clause.
Term
Shaw v. Hunt
 Definition
(1996); Supreme Court rules against NC racial gerrymandering; violates the Equal Protection Clause.
Term
Bush v. Vera
 Definition
(1996); Supreme Court rules against racial gerrymandering in Texas; violates the Equal Protection Clause.
Term
Easley v. Cromartie
 Definition
(2001); Supreme Court rules that NC redrawn district is okay; simply politics.
Term
Georgia v. Ashcroft
 Definition
(2003); Supreme Court rules that redrawn Georgia district did not violate the Voting Rights Act of 1965; still 60% representation.
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