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Definition
| System of government in which power is divided by a constitution between a central and regional governments. |
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| Expressed Powers (Congress) |
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| Specific powers granted to the federal government under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. |
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| Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution; powers not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers. |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| From Article 1, Section 8 of the constitution: Congress can make laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers. |
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| Powers derived from the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution; powers not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states. |
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| Power reserved to the state to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens. |
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| Authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
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| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
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| Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution: each state must accord the same respect to the laws and judicial decisions of other states that the accords as its own. |
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| Power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs. |
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| Form that existed from 1789 to 1937; most fundamental powers were shared between the national and state governments, with the states exercising the most important powers. |
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| Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution; Congress can regulate commerce with foreign and Indian nations. Asserts national power over the economy. |
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| A type of federalism existing form the New Age era in which grants-in-aid have been used to encourage states and localities to pursue nationally defined goals; intergovernmental cooperation. |
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| A grant by Congress to states and localities given with the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the national government. |
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| A grant program in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis. |
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| A grant-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive. |
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| A form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on the states and localities requiring them to meet national standards. |
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| Regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the national government. |
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| A grant-in-aid that allows states considerable discretion in how the funds should be spent. |
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| A policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing down to a lower level of government. |
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| The principle that states should oppose increasing authority of the national government; popular before the Civil War. |
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| A legal doctrine that holds that states cannot be sued for violating an act of Congress. |
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| The division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision-making. |
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| Mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches. |
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| The preeminence of Congress among the three branches of government, as established by the constitution. |
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| The condition in American government wherein one party controls the presidency while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress. |
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| The claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without presidential consent. |
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