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| electrically neutral atom |
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| number of protons = number of electrons |
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| Number of electrons in outer shell determines what? |
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| chemical properties of atom |
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| can never be created or destroyed |
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| atoms of same element with different number of neutrons |
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| ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds |
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-held together by electrostatic attraction.
- Ions with opposite charges (-,+). |
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| - atoms give up or accept electrons resulting in ions. |
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| elements with positive charge |
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| elements with negative charge |
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| atoms share electrons -contain potential energy - stronger than ionic bonds - 2 types: polar and nonpolar covalent bonds |
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-hydrophyllic
- not charge [electrostatically neutral], however surface of molecule has a charge distribution.
- assymetraical = polar |
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- no charge distribution across surface of molecule
-SNAP [symmetrical=nonpolar]
-electrostatically neutral
- hydrophobic |
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| In biology all systems, all chemical reaction take place in what? |
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-based on electrostatic attraction over short distances [weak]
- give certain macromolecules their shape [such as protein]
- form from polarity of neighboring molecules |
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does not interact with water
- usually symmetrical |
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does interact with water
- polar [assymetrical]
= charged [ionized] molecules |
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| molecules that release hydrogen ions in solution |
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| Bases are molecules that eithe take up hydrogen ions or give off hydroxide ions in solution. |
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measure of hydrogen ion concentration
- [hydrogen ion] or [hydroxide ion] can be represented using the pH scale |
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| How many units between ea pH number? |
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| molecule made up of repeating subunits [monomers] |
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Polymer:
carbohydrate:
protein:
nuclic acid:
lipids: |
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Monomer:
Monosaccharide
amino acid
nucleotide
glycerol [3 carbon] + Fatty acid |
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polysaccharides
= made up of monosaccharides or disaccharides
-held together by polar covalen bonds which contain kinetic energy |
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| Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides: |
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| glucose, fructose, galactose |
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1. glycogen [found in steroids]= storage form found in both prokaryot and eukaryotes
2. Starch: found in plants = storage form.
3. Cellulose = structureal form in both plants and prokaryotes [bacteria]. |
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| held together by nonpolar covalent bonds |
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breaks down lipids into smaller groups [done through gallbladder, bile, and pancreas].
- alows fat to mix with water
- ex. soaps, detergents, bile
- contains polar and nonpolar end |
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bi-polymer
- not all proteins are enzymes.
- are polymers of AA
- held together by hydrogen bond |
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always contain nitrogen and a reactive group.
- Protein, polar, allows hydrogen bonding |
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| Protein's function is due to which of it's structures? |
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| Tertiary stucutre with due to H-bonding and other covalent bonds |
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| 3 components of adenine nucleotide |
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| Adenine, Ribose, and phosphate group [ex. ATP] |
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| phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base |
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