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Lesson 24
Pharmacology
67
Nursing
Professional
10/06/2012

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Term
Drugs are agents
Definition
capable of interacting with living organisms to produce a biological effect.
Term
Medications are:
Definition
Administered to humans
Term
Medications are used for:
Definition
Diagnosis; Treatment; Cure; Prevention; Health maintenance / relief
Term
Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906
Definition
There was once a time when there were no laws protecting people until this was active – Meds Had to be labeled
Term
Sherley Amendment-1912
Definition
Prohibited false advertisement of drugs
Term
Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act-1938
Definition
Prevent marketing of drugs that haven’t been tested: proof that they were safe & ethicacy (they work)
Term
Orphan drug Act- 1983
Definition
Make drugs available for people who had rare illnesses
Term
Med Watch program- 1993
Definition
Voluntary program to report if the drug caused problems/side effects
Term
Chemical name of drug:
Definition
description of the composition and molecular structure of a drug
Term
Generic name of drug:
Definition
related to the chemical name, nonproprietary name, lower case, assigned by the first manufacturer w/ the US Adopted Name Council’s approval.
Term
Trade name of drug –
Definition
proprietary name, uppercase, name under which the manufacturer markets a medication – carries a *trade mark* - most expensive
Term
drug companies have the right to a drug for
Definition
17 years – only 7 years of that do they make profit…
Term
1st 10 years =
Definition
research/experimentation/approval
Term
Drug Classifications
Definition
chemical characteristics; therepeutic uses; mechanism of action
Term
Chemical characteristics ex –
Definition
beta lactam penicillin (ex)
Term
Therapeutic uses ex –
Definition
antihypertensive (tx: hypertension) / antibiotics (tx: infection)
Term
Mechanism of action ex. –
Definition
diuretics (lose water) / vasodilators (cause blood vessel dilation)
Term
Prototype medications:
Definition
Individual drug that represents a class of drugs; Usually first drug that was developed in a particular class
Term
Important to note that often the prototype is
Definition
not the most commonly used drug in its class
Term
Prototype examples:
Definition
morphine: opioid analgesic / diphenhydramine (Benadryl) antihistamine
Term
Types of medications:
Definition
prescription; non-prescription- OTC; investigational
Term
Prescription –
Definition
controlled/ non-controlled
Term
Controlled: because of
Definition
the issues related for abuse and dependence.
Term
Abuse:
Definition
used for other things than what it is to be used for
Term
Physical dependence:
Definition
when the drug is stopped, they’ll have withdrawals
Term
Psychological dependence:
Definition
people using drugs recreationally for something other than what it is normally used for (ex. Euphoria = ADDICTION)
Term
Nonprescription/ OTC
Definition
FDA governs; Must be safe and effective; Must bear appropriate and correct labeling information
Term
Investigational –
Definition
being studied for marketing (not on the market yet)
Term
Prescription
Definition
Can only be used safely under the supervision of a health care professional who is licensed o prescribe or dispense drugs according to state laws; Must bear the legal caution “caution – federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription”
Term
On A Legal Prescription Form:
Definition
Patient’s name and other descriptive info; DATE written; the Rx symbol; dispensing instructions, ex… 100 tabs; client instructions; refill instructions/special labeling; prescriber’s name, address and phone number instructions; DEA number if prescribing controlled substances
Term
Therapeutic effect –
Definition
the desired or intended physical response that a drug produces
Term
Side effects
Definition
Predictable; Possibly unavoidable effects produced with a therapeutic dose of medication; May or may not be harmful; Ex. The antihistamine Benadryl causes drowsiness
Term
Adverse reactions
Definition
Unintended, undesirable, and sometimes unpredictable reactions
Term
Toxicity:
Definition
excessive level of a drug causing a deleterious effect on the organism [coma, liver failure]
Term
Idiosyncratic reaction:
Definition
unpredictable reaction; different from normal [usually the opposite of normal reaction]
Term
Teratogenic effect:
Definition
ability to cause/produce birth defects
Term
Allergic reaction:
Definition
unpredictable response; must have had a previous exposure
Term
The pharmacologic effect of one drug is _________ by another drug.
Definition
(synergistic or agonist effect)
Term
May occur with other substances such as:
Definition
foods, dyes, environmental pollutants
Term
EX. Antagonistic:
Definition
alcohol blocks effects of antidepressant medications.
Term
The pharmacologic effect of one drug is _________ by another drug.
Definition
diminished (antagonistic effect)
Term
Pharmacokinetics:
Definition
Study how medications move through the body.
Term
harmokinetics assists the nurse to:
Definition
understand the therapeutic effects of the drug, predict potential side effects and adverse reactions
Term
The 4 steps of pharmacokinetics:
Definition
1. Absorption; 2. Distribution; 3. metabolism/ Biotransformation; 4. Excretion/ Elimination
Term
Absorption
Definition
-Movement of medication from the site of administration to the blood stream
Term
Factors that may influence absorption:
Definition
Route of administration – PO is slower than in vein; Ability of medication to dissolve – liquid dissolves quicker than tablets; Blood flow – richer blood supply = quicker absorption; Body surface area – the greater the surface area = quicker absorption; Lipid solubility
Term
Distribution
Definition
The process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and tissues
Term
Factors that influence distribution
Definition
Circulation ; Membrane permeability – ex blood brain barrier, some meds can’t cross over that barrier and others can; Protein binding – medication binds to proteins. Typically, Albumin is what they bind to. Medication cannot work if it’s with the albumin – will only work if med is flowing freely.
Term
Metabolism/Biotransformation
Definition
Process by which drugs are changed into more active (prodrugs), less active or deactivated substances.
Term
PRIMARY ORGAN INVOLVED:
Definition
LIVER; prodrugs don’t start working until they are activated in the liver; The liver usually filters and inactivates medications
Term
Excretion/Elimination
Definition
Process of exiting the body
Term
Main route of drug excretion is
Definition
through the kidneys
Term
other route of eliminations =
Definition
bile, feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, and breast milk
Term
________ of the urine affects the excretion rates
Definition
Acidity
Term
if the medication cannot be excreted…
Definition
it’s working LONGER in the body
Term
Intestines are involved in
Definition
BOTH absorption and excretion
Term
Diarrhea =
Definition
no absorption, excessive excretion
Term
Constipation =
Definition
possible toxicity
Term
Elderly =
Definition
smaller drug doses
Term
Renal patient =
Definition
lower doses
Term
Medication Action:
Definition
onset of action; concentration; duration; plateau
Term
Onset of action:
Definition
the time it takes after the medication is administered for you to get a response.
Term
Concentration –
Definition
get drug in body and keep it in concentration for 24 hours
Term
Peak -measure PEAK levels when the medication is at its highest concentration
Definition
highest level of concentration the medication reaches
Term
Trough –– measure trough level 30 minutes before you administer the dose again
Definition
lowest concentration
Term
Duration –
Definition
amount of time medicine is in your system causing a response
Term
Plateau –
Definition
fixed level, they stay the same
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