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Lesson 14 - The Endocrine System
Endocrinology for the medical assistant
101
Medical
Undergraduate 1
04/30/2010

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Term
Anterior
Definition
Front
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
The study of the endocrine system.
Term
Endocrinologist
Definition
A specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the endocrine system.
Term
Exophthalmos
Definition
Protrusion (pushing out) of the eyes. One major cause is hyperthroidism.
Term
Fasting
Definition
No intake of food or nutrition, usually done for certain tests and surgeries.
Term
Goiter
Definition
Enlarged thyroid gland
Term
Glucosuria
Definition
Glucose (sugar) in the urine.
Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition
Too much sugar in the blood.
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
Too little sugar in the blood.
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
Excessive growth of tissue
Term
Hyposecretion
Definition
Decreased secretion
Term
Hypocalcemia
Definition
Low calcium levels in the blood.
Term
Insulin shock
Definition
Condition caused by too much insulin, where blood sugar is too low.
Term
Nephropathy
Definition
Disease of the kidneys, often caused by poorly controlled diabetes.
Term
Polydipsia
Definition
Increased thirst
Term
Peripheral
Definition
Away from the trunk of the body; in the extremeties.
Term
Polyuria
Definition
Increased urination
Term
Polyphagia
Definition
Increased appetite
Term
Posterior
Definition
Back
Term
Retinopathy
Definition
Disease of the retina, often caused by diabetes.
Term
Venous
Definition
Pertaining to veins or the blood in veins
Term
aden/o
Definition
gland
Term
calc/o
Definition
calcium
Term
gluc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
hydr/o
Definition
water
Term
-megaly
Definition
enlargment
Term
-oma
Definition
tumor
Term
-pexy
Definition
surgical fixation
Term
-otomy
Definition
incision
Term
ADH
Definition
Antidiuretic Hormone
Term
BS
Definition
Blood Sugar
Term
BG
Definition
Blood Glucose
Term
Ca
Definition
calcium
Term
CA
Definition
Cancer
Term
DM
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus
Term
FBS
Definition
Fasting Blood Sugar
Term
FSH
Definition
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Term
GH
Definition
Growth Hormone
Term
IDDM
Definition
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Term
NIDDM
Definition
Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Term
K
Definition
Potassium
Term
LH
Definition
Lutenizing Hormone
Term
Na
Definition
Sodium
Term
PTH
Definition
Parathyroid Hormone
Term
TSH
Definition
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Term
Where in the body is the pineal gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete?
Definition
In the brain above and behind the pituitary gland. It secretes melatonin.
Term
Where in the body is the pituitary gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete?
Definition
Also called the master gland, it is in the brain below the hypothalamus. It secretes growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone lutenizing hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
Term
Where in the body is the thyroid gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete?
Definition
At the base of the neck. It secretes triodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin.
Term
Where in the body are the parathyroid glands and what hormone(s) do they secrete?
Definition
There are four of them on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. It secretes parathyroid hormone or parathormone.
Term
Where in the body are the adrenal glands and what hormone(s) do they secrete?
Definition
They are on the top of the kidneys. They secrete epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.
Term
Where in the body is the pancreas and what hormone(s) does it secrete?
Definition
It is in the upper left area of the abdomen near the kidneys. It secretes insulin and glucagon.
Term
Where in the body is the thymus gland and what hormone(s) does it secrete?
Definition
In the midchest area. It secretes lymphocytes.
Term
Where in the body are the ovaries and what hormone(s) do they secrete?
Definition
On either side of the uterus. They secrete estrogen and progesterone.
Term
Where in the body are the testes and what hormone(s) do they secrete?
Definition
In the scrotum of the male reproductive tract. They secrete testosterone.
Term
What does melatonin do?
Definition
Regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
Term
What does growth hormone (GH) do?
Definition
Promotes bone and tissue growth.
Term
What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
Definition
Controls the growth and function of the thyroid.
Term
What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) do?
Definition
Act on the sexual organs to release sperm and ovum.
Term
What does prolactin do?
Definition
Acts on the mammary glands to make milk.
Term
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?
Definition
Stimulates the adrenal glands.
Term
What does oxytocin do?
Definition
Acts on the uterus during labor.
Term
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
Definition
Acts on the kidneys to increase water absorption.
Term
What does triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) do?
Definition
They control growth during childhood and the metabolism.
Term
What does triodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) do?
Definition
They control growth during childhood and the metabolism.
Term
What does calcitonin do?
Definition
Takes calcium and phosphorus from the bloodstream and absorbs it into the bones.
Term
What does parathormone (PTH) do?
Definition
Releases calcium and phosphorus from the bones into the blood.
Term
What does epinephrine do?
Definition
Triggers the "fight or flight" response. Also called adrenaline.
Term
What does aldosterone do?
Definition
Regulates the balance of water, sodium, and other electrolytes.
Term
What does cortisol do?
Definition
It is the natural steroid. Decreases inflammation.
Term
What do androgens do?
Definition
Develop secondary sexual characteristics (pubic and facial hair, breasts etc.)
Term
What does insulin do?
Definition
Allows glucose in the bloodstream to pass into the tissue.
Term
What does glucagon do?
Definition
Acts on the liver to release glycogen.
Term
What do lymphocytes do?
Definition
Help the immune system.
Term
What does estrogen do?
Definition
Develops female sexual characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle.
Term
What does progesterone do?
Definition
Prepares and maintains the uterus for childbearing.
Term
What does testosterone do?
Definition
Develops male sexual characteristics and helps produce sperm.
Term
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Definition
To regulate bodily functions through hormones.
Term
Negative Feedback System
Definition
A system where if one substance gets too high, a hormone is secreted to lower it and vice versa.
Term
What gland are the islets of Langerhans located in?
Definition
The pancreas
Term
What is a target organ?
Definition
A specific organ that a release hormone is designed to affect.
Term
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Definition
Exocrine secretes through ducts to the outside of the body or into a cavity of the body. Endocrine secretes directly into the bloodstream.
Term
Type 1 Diabetes
Definition
An autoimmune disfunction where the insulin producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed so that the body can no longer produce it. Usually starts in childhood. Known as insulin-dependent diabetes because the patient has to inject insulin regularly.
Term
Type 2 Diabetes
Definition
Disease marked by decreased insulin production and decreased sensitivity to insulin. Risk factors are age and weight. Known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Term
What are the primary signs for diabetes?
Definition
Polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
Term
What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Definition
In type 1, the body stops producing insulin and it has to be injected (IDDM). It type 2 the body produces less and is less responsive to insulin (NIDDM).
Term
What are some of the things a diabetes patient does to keep healthy?
Definition
Eat small frequent meals, monitor calorie intake, and exercise regularly.
Term
What are some long term complications of diabetes?
Definition
Retinopathy and blindness; neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and limb loss; kidney disease; heart disease and heart attack.
Term
Hypothroidism
Definition
Condition of having too little thyroid hormone in the body. Slows down the metabolism and can stunt growth.
Term
What can cause hypothyroidism?
Definition
Too little iodine in the diet.
Term
Why is congenital hypothroidism uncommon in developed countries?
Definition
Because it is diagnosed a treated early on.
Term
Why is diet-related hypothroidism uncommon in developed countries?
Definition
Iodine in table salt.
Term
Hyperthroidism
Definition
Condition of having too much thyroid hormone in the body. Speeds up the metabolism and can cause too much growth.
Term
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Definition
The metabolism and body speeds up. Tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, tremor, anxiety,weight loss in spite of increased food intake, and exophthalmos.
Term
Gestational Diabetes
Definition
Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, often is temporary. Risk factors are women who are overweight before pregnancy and a family history of diabetes. Increases risk for type 2 diabetes later in life.
Term
Macrosomia
Definition
Is a condition where a newborn is especially large and is hyperglycemic due to the mother having gestational diabetes.
Term
Fasting Blood Glucose Test (FBG)
Definition
The patient doesn't eat anything for 8 to 12 hours before the test. A sample is taken of the blood to see what the blood sugar level is.
Term
What is the range for healthy fasting blood glucose levels?
Definition
70 to 110 mg/dl
Term
Glucose Tolerance Test
Definition
The patient fasts for a certain period and then drinks a concentrated glucose solution. A blood and urine sample is then taken at certain intervals to see how the body deals with the glucose.
Term
Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test
Definition
A blood test that shows average blood glucose levels for the past 4 months.
Term
Urine Glucose Test
Definition
A test done on a urine sample to see if any glucose is present.
Term
Glucometer
Definition
Instrument used to regularly measure blood glucose levels.
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