Term
| What are some anomalies of lens shape? |
|
Definition
-lens coloboma (absence of zonules inferiorly)
-posterior lenticonus (conical bulge of posterior capsule)
-anterior lenticonus
-lentiglobus (hemispherical deformity)
-microphakia (small diameter)
-microspherophakia (small and round)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-displacement of lens from normal position
-luxated (complete displacement)
-subluxated (partial displacement)
-hereditary or acquiried
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What type of lens defect might you suspect in a Px with Marfan syndrome? |
|
Definition
| -symmetrical bilateral subluxation (80%) |
|
|
Term
| What are some risk factors for developping Cataracts? |
|
Definition
-trauma, radiation
-age, poor diet
-diabetes or hypothyroidism
-systemic and topical drugs
-high myopia or acute glaucoma
-congenital hereditary |
|
|
Term
| What do you call partial displacement of lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a few ocular complications that may lead to Cataracts? |
|
Definition
-chronic anterior uveitis
-acute glaucoma
-high myopia
-posterior segment disease
-dystrophia myotonica |
|
|
Term
| What type of cataract would you expect with a Px who comes in with diabetes and myotonic dystrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cataract would you expect for a person who has history of chronic uveitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other causes of bilateral cataracts? |
|
Definition
-retinitis pigmentosa
-atopic dermatitis
-myotonic dystrophy
-retinitis pigmentosa |
|
|
Term
What the main causes of age related cataracts?
|
|
Definition
-aging changes in the lens are the result of accumuluation and compaction of lens fibers
-precipitation of lens proteins (alpha-crystallins) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of Cataract is granular with plaque like opacities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upon slit lamp examination you see opacities near nodal point of eye. Px reports severe difficulties in viewing and reading, which type of Cataract might you suspect? |
|
Definition
| Posterior subcapsular opacities |
|
|
Term
| You notice your patient has become more myopic since a recent last visit. His lens appears yellow-brown in appearance. What type of Cataract might you suspect? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear Sclerotic (exaggeration of natural aging changes) |
|
|
Term
| Upon slit lamp examination of lens you see spokes that extend from outside to center of lens? What type of cataract might this be? |
|
Definition
| Cortical (can be anterior posterior or equatorial cortex) |
|
|
Term
| What type of cataract has characteristic needle-like deposits in the deep cortex and nucleus? |
|
Definition
Christmas Tree Cataract (polychromatic) |
|
|
Term
| What classification is a cataract where anterior capsule is shrunken and wrinkled due to water loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a morgagnian cataract? |
|
Definition
| -hypermature cataract with total liquefaction of the cortex, allowing nucleus to sink inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| A Px has cortical snowflake opacities, what other systemic disease might be present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classic types of presenile cataracts? |
|
Definition
-diabetes mellitus
-myotonic dystrophy
-atopic dermatitis
-neurofibromatous |
|
|
Term
| What are common drugs related to cataracts? |
|
Definition
-steroids
-chlorpromazine
-amiodarone
-allopurinol |
|
|
Term
| What is a secondary cataract? |
|
Definition
| Cataract that develops as a result of some other primary ocular disease |
|
|
Term
| What are hallmarks of cataracts due to chronic anterior uveitis? |
|
Definition
-polychromatic lustre at posterior pole
-posterior and anterior opacities develop
-progress more rapid if posterior synechiae |
|
|
Term
| Which secondary cataract results in focal infarct of lens epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Acute angle closure cataract |
|
|
Term
| What type of lens manifestation do we see in pathologic myopia cataract? |
|
Definition
-early onset nuclear sclerosis
-posterior subcapsular opacities
-not associated with simple myopia |
|
|
Term
| What are classic secondary cataract ocular diseases? |
|
Definition
-chronic anterior uveitis
-acute congestive angle-closure
-high myopia
-hereditary fundus dystrophies |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of congenital cataracts? |
|
Definition
-genetic factors (most common)
-down sydrome
-galactosemia
-rubella |
|
|
Term
| What are ocular association of congenital posterior pole cataract? |
|
Definition
-persistant hyaloid remnants
-posterior lenticonus
-persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous |
|
|
Term
| What are two key features you expect to see upon examination of a congential cataract? |
|
Definition
-white reflex in pupil (leukocoria)
-usually unilateral (check for red reflex) |
|
|
Term
What are some common causes of leukocoria?
|
|
Definition
-congenital cataract
-retinoblastoma
-persistant hyperplasia of primary vitreous
-retinal detachment
-toxocariasis
-posterior uveits |
|
|
Term
| What are some intrauterine causes of cataracts in unwell neonates? |
|
Definition
-rubella
-toxoplasmosis
-cytomegalovirus
-varicella |
|
|
Term
| What are some metabolic disorders that cause cataracts in unwell neonates? |
|
Definition
-galactosaemia
-hypoglycaemia
-hypocalcaemia |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Cataract is associated with a ________ cataract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the method of choice for cataract surgery today? |
|
Definition
| -phacoemulsification (uses ultrasound and leaves intact capsular bag) |
|
|
Term
| What are key parameters to obtain for Cataract surgery? |
|
Definition
-axial biometry (A-scan) and corneal power (K's)
-final IOL position in eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of mild endophthalmitis? |
|
Definition
-mild pain
-mild visual loss
-anterior chamber cells |
|
|
Term
| When is the peak incidence of cystoid macular edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some late post-operative complications? |
|
Definition
-lens decentration
-corneal decomposition
-retinal detachment |
|
|
Term
| What are systemic diseases that present with ectopis lentis? |
|
Definition
-marfan syndrome
-weill-marchesani syndrome
-homocystinuria
-hyperlysenemia
-sulphite oxidase deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What are some congenital/hereditary risk factors for cataracts? |
|
Definition
| -rubella, galactosemia, down syndrome, |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of developing unilateral cataracts? |
|
Definition
-fuchs heterochromic uveitis
-chronic uveitis
-retinal detachment
-trauma |
|
|
Term
| What is the most popular type of cataract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications of cataracts? |
|
Definition
| -capsular, subcapsular, cortical, nuclear, droplet |
|
|
Term
| Which illumination is best for looking at anterior and posterior subcapsular opacities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cataract lies just in front of posterior capsule and is granular with plaque like opacities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which common cataract starts as clefts or vacuoles between lens fibres? |
|
Definition
-cortical
-then progresses to radial spokes |
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications of maturity of cataracts? |
|
Definition
-immature (partially opaque)
-mature (fully opaque)
-hypermature (shrunken and wrinkled)
-morganian (liquefaction) |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal presenile cataract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the features of cataracts due to DM? |
|
Definition
-age related occurs earlier and progresses faster
-can alter Rx and amplitude of accommodation
-snowflake may resolve or mature within a few days |
|
|
Term
| What is a glassblowers cataract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are initial manifestations of cataracts due to steroids? |
|
Definition
-initally is posterior subcapsular then anterior subcapsular is affected later
-may be genetically susceptible |
|
|
Term
| Which systermic drug may cause deposits fine granules on anterior lens capsule? |
|
Definition
-chlorpromazine
-may also deposit on posterior cornea |
|
|
Term
| What effect does amiodarone have on cataract formation? |
|
Definition
| -50% of people on it show anterior subcapsular deposits |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of a secondary cataract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which condition causes a secondary cataract that has a polychromatic lustre at posterior pole of lens, with both posterior and anterior opacities that develop? |
|
Definition
-chronic anterior uveitis
-opacities progress more rapidly in presence of posterior synechiae |
|
|
Term
| Which condition causes glaucomflecken (small anterior subcap or capsular opacties)? |
|
Definition
| -acute angle closure glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| Which condtions causes posterior subcapsular opacities, and early nuclear sclerosis? |
|
Definition
-pathologic myopia
-early nuclear sclerosis is factor increasing myopia |
|
|
Term
| Which hereditary fundus dystrophies are associated with posterior subcapsular opacities? |
|
Definition
-retinitis pigmentosa
-leber congenital amaurosis
-gyrate atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Are congenital cataracts unilateral or bilateral |
|
Definition
| -2/3 are bilateral and common cause is genetic |
|
|
Term
| What type of cataract is capsular cataract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cataract is a posterior polar cataract and what are ocular associations? |
|
Definition
-congenital
-persistant pupillary membrane, posterior lenticonus |
|
|
Term
| Where do we see focal dot opacities (blue dot cortical opacities)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In severe congenital cataracts what is largely noticable? |
|
Definition
| -leukocoria (white reflex) |
|
|
Term
| What are possible reasons for congential cataracts? |
|
Definition
-idiopathic
-inherited - usually bilateral
-associated with systemic disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of cataracts in healthy neonate? |
|
Definition
-hereditary (usually dominant)
-idiopathic
-with ocular anomalies (aniridia, coloboma, microphthalmos) |
|
|
Term
| What is needed for modern phaco surgery? |
|
Definition
-prophylaxis (antibiotics and steroids)
-biometery (K's and A-scan) |
|
|
Term
| What are some early postoperative complications? |
|
Definition
-CME (painless decrease in central VA, fluid filled cysts surrounding fovea)
-endopthalmitis |
|
|
