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Lecture #4
Introduction to Vegetable Oils
19
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
12/15/2015

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Cards

Term
What are the 2 largest pulse crops exported in Canada?
Definition
Peas and Lentils
Term
Why plant wheat after soybeans?
Definition
Makes use of the available N in the ground
Term
What is a lipid?
Definition

Any oil, wax or fat that is not soluble in water

 

Highly carbon dense ("reduced") = lots of energy

Term
What are liposomes?
Definition
storage site for triglycerides within the cells of an oilseed
Term
What is a triglyceride?
Definition
Glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids with ester bonds
Term
What is the difference between oils and waxes/fats?
Definition

Oil = lipid that is liquid at RT

 

Wax/fat = lipid that is solid at RT

Term
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Definition

Saturated = no double bonds exist between carbons

 

Unsaturated =double bonds exist between carbons 

  • Monounsaturated = 1 double bond
  • Polyunsaturated = multiple double bonds 
Term
True or False: longer chain fatty acids have a LOWER melting point
Definition

False. Longer chain fatty acids have HIGHER melting points

 

"LIMP = Length Increases Melting Point"

Term
True or False: The more double bonds in a fatty acid, the lower the melting point
Definition
True
Term
What are the 3 most common fatty acids in vegetable oils?
Definition

Oelic

Linolenic

Linoleic 

Term
What 2 fatty acids are considered to be essential fatty acids?
Definition

Linoleic and linolenic acid

 

The body cannot produce essential fatty acids, so they must be consumed in the diet 

Term
What is hydrogenation?
Definition

Processing a vegetable oil to increase its saturation level (increasing melting point)

 

Adds H2 so fat is less susceptible to breakdown in an oil fryer

 

Causes trans fatty acids to be produced 

Term
Why are trans fatty acids so bad?
Definition

This type of double bond allows the fatty acid to stack flat, which mimics saturated fatty acids 

 

Causes there to be a higher melting point 

Term

What kind of action has been taken on trans fats?

 

Why are trans fats so bad for you?

Definition

Companies have tried to beed out the linolenic acid contents

 

Consumption of trans fats has lead to increased levels of LDL or "bad" cholestrol in the body. Leads to heart problems 

Term
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids susceptible to?
Definition
Oxidation, which causes the PUFA to become rancid and have a short shelf life
Term

Explain the following about Omega-3 FA:

 

1. What is an Omega-3 FA?

2. Why are Omega-3 FA important in the diet?

Definition

1. Omega-3 FA are fatty acids that have 3 double bonds, starting at the 3rd carbon 

 

2. 3 types of Omega-3's important in the diet: ALA, EPA and DHA. All of these are important for brain development in infants and reduces heart disease 

Term
Why feed hens flax seed?
Definition
Feeding hens flax seed causes them metabolize ALA to DHA. Results in eggs having a high DHA and EPA content
Term
What are phospholipids?
Definition

Long-chain fatty acids, which are a component of all cell membranes

 

Contains 2 long chain fatty acids attached to a phosphate group. The head is hydrophillic and the tail is hydrophobic 

Term
What happens if there are saturated fatty acids in phospholipids? Unsaturated?
Definition

Saturated: Results in a rigid, inflexible cell membrane 

 

Unsaturated: Results in a flexible membrane

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