Term
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Definition
Body: 58-71% water.
Total body water: 60% of body weight.
Intracellular: 40%
Extracellular: 20% |
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Term
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Definition
High heat of vaporization and heat capacity (0.541 Kcal/mL, 4.19 KJ/g)
Bond angle: 109.47
*Temperature control, sweating and heat stroke. |
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Term
| Average Urine Output & Water Loss |
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Definition
| 1.5 L (6.3 cups) a day, lose an additional liter from breathing, sweating, and BM's. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food = 20 percent of total fluid intake, so if you consume 2 L of water or other beverages a day ( a little more than 8 cups) along with your normal diet, you will typically replace lost fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| Drink eight 8 oz glasses of fluids a day (1.9 L). Basic guidelines |
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Term
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Definition
| Institute of medicine advises that men consume roughly 3.7 L of total beverages and women should drink 2.7 L of beverages. |
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Term
| Bottom Line (How much water?) |
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Definition
| If you drink enough fluid so that you rarely feel thirsty and produce 1.5 L of colorless or slightly yellow urine a day, your fluid intake is adequate |
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Term
| Water Imbalance: Hyperemesis gravidarum |
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Definition
Pregnancy-related unrelenting, excessive nausea/vomiting that prevents adequate intake of food or fluids.
However, recent research in fetal programming indicates that prolonged stress, dehydration and malnutrtition during pregnancy can put the fetus at risk for chronic disease, such as diabetes or heart disease, later in life, or neurobehavioral issues from birth. This underscores the importance of aggressive treatment of the condition. |
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Term
| Water Imbalance: Childhood diarrhea |
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Definition
| In the US there are more than 1.5m hospital visits for childhood diarrhea. Globally, childhood diarrhea is the second leading killer of children under the age of 5, claiming 2m lives annually. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1L water, 2 tbsp sugar/honey, 1/4 tsp of table salt, 1/4 tsp baking soda. |
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Term
| Bacteriostatic water for injection |
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Definition
| prepared by distillation or reverse osmosis |
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Term
| Sterile water for injetion |
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Definition
| sterile, non-pyrogenic distilled water, no preservatives, osmolarity is zero, for IV administration after addition of suitable solute |
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Term
| Sterile water for irrigation |
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Definition
| sterile, non-pyrogenic distilled water intended for external use only, no antimicrobial or preservatives added |
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Term
| 1993 Cryptosporidium Outbreak |
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Definition
| Largest waterborne disease outbreak in US history. Oocysts passed through Howard Avenue purification plant. 2 weeks 403k/1.6 million. Stomach cramps, fever, diarrhea, dehydration. 54 deaths |
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Term
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Definition
| Beaver Fever: 20K reported USA cases anually, contaminated water, GI symptoms, anorexia, fatigue, malaise |
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Term
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Definition
a compound that, on administartion, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming an active pharmacological agent; a precursor of a drug.
Reactant: ester cleavage of prodrug, ceftin |
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Term
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Definition
| poor bioavailabilities (fraction of drug absorbed, compared to IV route) when given orally. Esterification permits passive diffusion across the gut wall by reducing polarity. After passing into circulation, ester hydrolysis is required to convert drug to active form. Success factors: solubility, lipophilicity, and stability to chemical or enzymatic degradation. Cephalosporin esters are = 50% bioavailability. Premature hydrolysis in the gut reduces fraction absorbed. Active drug in the gut may change balance of gut flora, causing diarrhea and other effects. |
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Term
| Water Impacts Drug Products |
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Definition
Drug product stability, hydrolysis degradation.
Drug release from solid dosage form to liquid (phase transition) prior to absorption and therapeutic action.
During manufacture, water facilitates drug product creation. |
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