Term
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Definition
Support soft tissues
attachment for muscles
Protects internal organs
Stores minerals/fat
Certain bones produce blood cells in red marrow |
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Definition
| The structural unit of compact bones |
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Term
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Definition
(living bone cells) rings around a central canal
lies within a lacuna
canaliculi connect lacunae and central canal
Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes pass from cell to cell, traveling to and from the blood vessels in the central canal |
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Term
| Bone is a connective tissue because |
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Definition
| Stris many cells connected together by an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers (support) and elastic fibers (flexibility). Bone matrix mostly collagen, and the osteoblasts deposit ions (calcium and magnesium) for hardness. |
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Definition
Dense outer layer, the shaft of long bones Covered by periosteum to nourishes Contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells involved in bone growth and repair
Injury periosteum (bruise, fracture) generates pain |
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Term
| Hormones that regulate bone |
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Definition
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Testosterone and estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates bone growth during childhood |
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Definition
| ensure that the skeleton grows with the proper proportions |
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Term
| Testosterone and Estrogen |
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Definition
| prompt and stop the growth spurt of puberty |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Two antagonistic Hormones |
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Definition
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
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Definition
from thyroid
decreases blood calcium levels
MOVES CALCIUM FROM BLOOD TO BONE (BUILDING) |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
from parathyroid glands
increases blood calcium levels
MOVES CALCIUM FROM BONE TO BLOOD (MAINTAINS) |
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Term
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Definition
| results when bone is broken down faster than it is deposited |
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Term
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Definition
Bones of skull-Cranial bones, facial bones
Bones of Rib Cage-Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs
Vertebral Column
Intervertebral Disks |
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Term
| Bones in Appendicular Skeleton |
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Definition
Pectoral girdles-Left + right clavicle (2) scapula (2).
Arms and forearms- Left + right humerus, ulna (2) radius (2)
Hands - Left and right carpals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges, intermediate phalanges and distal phalanges.
Pelvis- Left + right hip bone
Thighs and legs- Left + right femur, patella, tibia, fibula.
Feet and ankles- Left + right tarsals, metatarsals, proximal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, distal phalanges. |
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Term
Facial Bones
(support sensory structures) |
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Definition
Inferior nasal concha
Lacrimal bones
Mandible
Maxilla
Nasal bones
Palatine bones
Vomer
Zygomatic bones |
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Term
Cranial Bones
(Protect brain, house hearing structures) |
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Definition
Ethmoid Bone
Frontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Parietal Bones
Sphenoid Bone
Temporal Bones |
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Term
| The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae |
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Definition
7 cervical (neck) vertebrae (C1–C7)
12 thoracic (chest) vertebrae (T1–T12)
5 lumbar (lower back) vertebrae (L1–L5)
1 sacrum (formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae)
1 coccyx (or tailbone, formed by fusion of four vertebrae) |
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Term
| Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine |
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Definition
kyphosis- shoulders roll forward
lordosis-swayback
scoliosis-sideways curvature of spine |
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Term
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Definition
12 pairs of ribs attach at the back of the rib cage to the thoracic vertebrae
Upper 10 pairs are attached by cartilage either directly or indirectly to the sternum
Last two pairs do not attach “floating ribs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial |
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Term
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Definition
Held together by fibrous connective tissue
Most do not permit movement
Example: joints between adult skull bones
SUTURES |
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Term
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Definition
Allow very little movement
Examples: between vertebrae,
where ribs attach to sternum
pubic symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
freely movable
most joints in body Surfaces that move pastanother have a thin layer of cartilage
A thin capsule containing synovial fluid surrounds these joints
Is reinforced with ligaments to direct movement
Types -1 Ball and Socket(Hip, shoulder), 2-Ellipsoid(wrist),3-Pivot(radioulnar), 4-Hinge(Elbow) 5-saddle |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity situated in places in tissues where friction would otherwise occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the bursae |
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Term
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Definition
Injuries to ligaments
Range from slight (caused by overstretching) to serious (caused by tearing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue continuous with the fibers of a muscle and attaching the muscle to bone or cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Degeneration of joint surfaces over time |
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Term
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Definition
Autoimmune condition
inflammation of synovial membrane
Joint may need artificial joint |
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Term
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Definition
decrease in bone density
breakdown outpaces formation of new bone
Susceptibility to fractures
-Posture hunched and shorter as
vertebrae lose mass and compress
-Peak bone mass at age 35
– men have 30% more mass
-estrogen drop at menopause accelerate bone loss
African Americans have 10% greater bone mass than Caucasians and Asians
To help -Nutrition(protein, calcium, vitaminD)
-Weight bearing exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| The end attached to the bone that remains relatively stationary during movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Location in skeleton
Function movement, heat, posture
Appearance striated, multi-nucleated (eccentric), fibers parallel
Control voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
Location in heart
Function pump blood continuously
Appearance striated, one central nucleus
Control involuntary
Control voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
Location G.I. tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels
Function Peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hairs
Appearance no striations, one central nucleus
Control involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
Muscles that must contract at the same time to cause movement
work with antagonistic muscles to produce opposite rection |
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Term
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Definition
Movement is produced when one muscle of the pair contracts and the other relaxes
Example: the biceps muscle and triceps muscle of the upper arm |
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Term
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Definition
| The end attached to the bone that remains relatively stationary during movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inflamed tendon by overuse, misuse, age
Healing slow because poor blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
AKA muscle strain or tear
overstretching that damages the muscle or tendon
Treatment includes ice to reduce swelling and keeping the muscle stretched |
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Term
| Muscles cell=Muscle Fiber |
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Definition
contain protein
filaments(THIN more numerous)of actin and myosin(THICK) |
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Term
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Definition
A bundle of muscle cells
Connective tissue sheaths of fascicles merge at ends of muscles to form tendons that attach the muscle to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| striations formed by the arrangement of myofibrils within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
contains two types of myofilaments
Myosin (thick) filaments
Actin (thin) filaments are more numerous |
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Term
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Definition
| in myofibril-tens of thousands contractile units. Ends of Sacromeres are called Z lines |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscle contracts when actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere |
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Term
| Myosin molecules are shaped |
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Definition
| The club-shaped myosin heads key to moving actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
myosin head attaches to a nearby actin filament, bends to pull actin filament to midline of sarcomere-shortening it
myosin head disengages actin filament
movements of myosin require ATP |
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Term
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Definition
1-Myosin Head hydrolyze ATP and become reoriented and energized
2-myosin heads bind to actin forming crossbridge
3 Myosin Crossbridges rotate toward center of sarcomere (power stroke)
THE MOVEMENTS OF MYOSIN REQUIRE ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Calcium released by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Muscle contraction is controlled by the availability of calcium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| troponin-tropomysin covers the actin-mysin binding sites |
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Term
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Definition
Calcium ions bind to troponin cause change of shape
Change in shape moves tropomyosin exposing the actin myosin binding sites |
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Term
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Definition
| Troponin rupture and spills into blood |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle contraction occurs when ATP is present
Without ATP, cross-bridges cannot be broken
Within 3 to 4 hours after death, the muscles become stiff rigor mortis
Actin and myosin gradually break down and muscles relax again after 2 to 3 days |
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Term
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Definition
Junction between the tip of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
Step 1 nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular junction
Step 2 Acetylcholine released at junction
Step 3 When Acetylcholine binds to receptors on plasma membrane of muscle cell an electrochemical message is generated
Step 4 Electrochemical message spreads through to tubules causing the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (release and transmit) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of inherited conditions in which muscles weaken: if too many calcium ions enter a muscle cell, proteins may be destroyed, eventually causing the cell to die; on a large scale, muscles weaken |
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Term
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
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Definition
The gene for production of the protein dystrophin is defective
Lack of dystrophin allows excess calcium ions to enter muscle cells, eventually killing the cells |
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Term
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Definition
a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
All the muscle cells in a given motor unit contract together |
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Term
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Definition
| when muscles waste away. The main reason a lack of physical activity. |
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Term
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Definition
Tendon injuries are relatively common in those who use anabolic steroids and increase muscle, but not tendon, strength at a phenomenal rate.
Stimulate protein formationin muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly under breast area, sternum to humerus |
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Term
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Definition
on the side of the body under the armpit
(Axillary) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior side of upper arm (humerus) |
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Term
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Definition
| From Ribs to the pelvis on the anterior side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral sides of the abdomen, angles down toward the center of the abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long belt shape runs diagonally across the thigh from hip to inside of the knee area |
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Term
| Quadriceps (femoris) group |
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Definition
| Group of four large muscles on the anterior side of the thigh |
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Term
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Definition
| In the front and slightly to the side of the tibia |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers most of the shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| Large diamond shape muscle of upper back |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior side of the upper arm (humerus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Large muscle of the middle back |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers most of the buttocks area |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 large muscles on the posterior side of the thigh |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal Cord
Periphreal Nervous System (PNS) all nervous tissue outside CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitable cells that generate and transmit messages |
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Term
| Neuroglial cells (glial cells) |
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Definition
| Provide structural support, growth factors, and insulating sheaths around axons |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory (or afferent) neurons
Motor (or efferent) neurons
Interneurons (or association) neurons |
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Term
| Sensory (afferent) neurons |
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Definition
| Carry information TO THE CNS from sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry information AWAY FROM CNS to an effector (muscle or gland) |
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Term
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Definition
Found only in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
BETWEEN SENSORY & MOTOR NEURONS
Integrate and interpret sensory signals
99% of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Cell body covered with dendrites
Dendrites-many short, branching projections CARRIES INFO TOWARD CELL BODY
Axon -a single long extension
Cell body carries info away from cell body |
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Term
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Definition
Provides electrical insulation increases conduction rate of nerve impulse
Composed of the plasma membranes of glial cells |
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Term
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Definition
In the PNS, Schwann cells (a type of glial cell)form myelin sheath
Gaps between Schwann cells called nodes of Ranvier
messages travel faster as they jump from one node of Ranvier to the next in a type of transmission called saltatory conduction |
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Term
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Definition
Myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord progressively destroyed
Due to destruction of myelin sheath around axons in CNS
Resulting scars (scleroses) interfere with transmission of nerve impulses
Can result in paralysis and loss of sensation, including loss of vision |
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Term
| A nerve impulse AKA action potential |
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Definition
| movement of electric charges (movement of Ions) through the axon is the nerve impluse |
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Term
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Definition
Sodium channels -sodium ions pass
Potassium channels-potassium ions pass |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron is in the polarized state and not doing anything in terms of conducting an impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum amount of depolarization to get out of the cell(min amount that causes the sodium gates to open) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction of the charge difference across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Restoration of the charge difference across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the fact that there is no "in-between" action potential The neuron either does not respond, or it will generate full-fledged Does not dimish once started |
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Term
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Definition
| very brief period following an action potential, the neuron cannot be stimulated again because the sodium channels closed and cannot be reopened |
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Term
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Definition
| communication between neurons and other cells in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction between a neuron and another cell |
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Term
| Removal of Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
neurotransmitters are quickly removed
deactivated by enzymes
Others are pumped back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic axon |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune disease that attacks the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in little muscle strength |
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Term
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Definition
decreased levels (as much as 90%) of acetylcholine and associated with the accumulation of the abnormal protein, beta amyloid. Begins in hippocampus and cerebral cortex
Treatment drugs to raise ACH level |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with decreased levels of dopamine. slow, shuffling, hunched. rigid muscles due to continuous contraction
Treatment Levodopa |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of ganglia and the nerves that branch from the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| are large clusters of nerve cells outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Keeps the CNS in contact with the rest of the body
Provides inputs to CNS
completes the directed actions of CNS |
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Term
| Subdivisions of the PNS based on Function |
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Definition
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sensory information and directs voluntary movements through skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
regulates involuntary activities through smooth muscles and glands
1 Sympathetic nervous system
2Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
in charge during emergencies
“Fight or flight” |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
adjusts bodily functions during restful times
Rest and digest |
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Term
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Definition
Three connective tissue membranes that form meninges
Dura mater—outermost layer
3 membranes that protect the spinal cord
Arachnoid—middle layer
Pia mater—innermost layer |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
Space between meninges
Ventricles (internal cavities of brain)
Central canal (cavity within spinal cord)
Functions
Shock absorption
Support
Nourishment and waste removal
Cushions the brain and spinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
The thinking, conscious part of the brain
Top of the head behind frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal lobe- motor, decision making
Parietal lobe- sensory
Temporal lobe- hearing
Occipital lobe- vision |
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Term
| Primary somatosensory area |
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Definition
| receives sensory information from the body |
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Term
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Definition
Serves as the relay station of the brain for all sensory information except smell
Also directs motor activity, cortical arousal, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
Maintains homeostasis by regulating blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, digestion, and body temperature
Coordinates the nervous and endocrine systems by influencing the pituitary gland
Regulates emotions (part of the limbic system) |
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Term
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Definition
Integrates information from the motor cortex and sensory pathways to produce smooth, well-timed voluntary movements
Controls equilibrium and posture |
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Term
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Definition
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Pons |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains reflex centers to regulate the rhythm of breathing, force and rate of the heartbeat, and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Processes information about sights and sounds
Controls simple reflex responses to these stimuli, such as turning your head toward a loud sound |
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Term
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Definition
Means “bridge”
Connects the spinal cord and cerebellum with the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus
Has a region that assists the medulla in regulating respiration connects upper and lower brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes several brain structures that produce emotions and memory |
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Term
| storage and retrieval of information |
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Definition
Short-term memory: holds a small amount of information for a few seconds or minutes
Long-term memory: stores limitless amounts of information for hours, days, or years
The hippocampus and amygdala are involved |
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Term
| Reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Definition
Filters sensory input and keeps the cerebral cortex in an alert state
When sleep centers inhibit RAS- we sleep
Activation of RAS wakes us up |
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Term
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Definition
31 pairs, each pair services a specific region of the body
All carry both sensory and motor fibers |
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Term
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Definition
12 pairs
Service the structures of the head and certain body parts, including the heart |
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Term
| Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) |
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Definition
Caused by an interruption of blood flow to a region of the brain, such that nerve cells die
The extent and type of impairment caused by a stroke depend on the affected region of the brain
Common causes
Blood clot blocks a vessel
Fatty deposits block a vessel |
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