What does the principle of complementarity of structure and function mean?
Function reflects structure and structure determines function.
Definition
The function of a cell/organ/organism depends on its structure. The structure of a cell/organ/organism determines its function.
Term
Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin relative to the skeletal muscles?
Medial
Deep
Superficial
Lateral
Definition
The skin covers the outside of the body, thus, it is superficial, or external, to the skeletal muscles.
Term
select the correct statement
Definition
The heart is dorsal to the sternum.
The heart is dorsal (posterior) to the sternum. In humans, the terms dorsal and posterior are synonymous with one another, meaning "toward or at the back of the body," or behind.
Term
We often see anatomical variations that render anatomical positions and directional terms inaccurate
true or false
Definition
false
Although we use common directional and regional terms to refer to all human bodies, humans often differ in their external and internal anatomies. Nonetheless, well over 90% of all structures present in any human body match the textbook descriptions. We seldom see extreme anatomical variations because they are incompatible with life.
Term
what regional term contains the chest
Definition
thoracic
Term
what regional term contains the head
Definition
cephalic
Term
what regional term contains the knee
Definition
patellar
Term
what regional term contains the arm
Definition
brachial
Term
what regional term contains the buttock
Definition
gluteal
Term
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
Definition
frontal
Term
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.
Definition
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Term
Definition
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Term
Definition
lining the thoracic cavity
Term
Definition
synovial
Term
Definition
The slippery serous fluid allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their rutine functions. This freedom of movement is especially important for mobile organs, such as the pumping heart and the churning stomach.
Term
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs
Definition
2-1-4-3-5
Term
Definition
organ
Term
Definition
urinary bladder is very well protected in the pelvic cavity by the two hip bones.
Term
Definition
diagonally
Term
Definition
It is considered the cause of most diseases.
Term
Definition
upper left
Term
Definition
tissue
Term
Definition
control center
Term
Definition
The axial part of the body, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.
Term
Definition
femoral
Term
Definition
labor contractions
Term
Definition
renal
Term
Definition
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
Term
Definition
The simplest level of the structural hierarchy is the chemical level; chemicals (molecules) can be combined to form the structures of a cell.
Term
Definition
gross
Term
Definition
dorsal
Term
Definition
Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart
Term
Definition
as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body
Term
Definition
decay
Term
Definition
The terms caudal and inferior are synonymous, meaning "away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below." The umbilicus is caudal (inferior) to the chin.
Term
Definition
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
Term
Definition
thumb
Term
Definition
organismal
Term
Definition
nervous
Term
Definition
pleural
Term
Definition
dorsal
Term
Definition
The synovial cavity lies between bones at a joint.
Term
Definition
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Term
Definition
spinal cord
Term
Definition
the appendicular part
Term
Definition
spinal cord
Term
Definition
blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured
Term
Definition
upper limbs
Term
Definition
oxytocin release
Term
Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in the pH when __________ are added to a solution.
Definition
proton donors or proton acceptors
Term
Definition
false
Term
Definition
Atoms of any given element will differ from those of all other elements and provide its unique physical and chemical properties.
Term
Definition
become denatured
Term
Definition
valence
Term
Definition
proteins
Term
Definition
ions
Term
Definition
carbohydrate
Carbohydrates have CHO with a 1:2:1 ratio
Term
Can be measured only by its effects on matter. Energy Matter Mass
Definition
Energy
Term
Anything that occupies space and has mass. energy mass matter
Definition
matter
Term
Is a function of, and varies with, gravity. energy matter weight mass
Definition
weight
Term
Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron. cation neuron atom molecule
Definition
cation
Term
Neutral subatomic particle. cation neutron atom molecule
Definition
neutron
Term
Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties. cation neutron atom molecule
Definition
atom
Term
Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties. cation neutron atom molecule
Definition
molecule
Term
Organic compounds are covalently bonded and they always contain oxygen true/ false
Definition
false Organic compounds are covalently bonded and they always contain carbon; they often contain oxygen as well
Term
Water ________.
can form hydrogen bonds is non-polar has a low heat capacity is a poor solvent since few things dissolve in it
Definition
can form hydrogen bonds Due to its polar nature, water is able to form hydrogen bonds. In fact, many of the special properties of water derive from its extensive hydrogen bonding capacity. In addition, water has a high heat capacity and is considered a universal solvent since it dissolves more substances than any other known solv
Term
Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more? Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more? Cholesterol has a long half-life, and will take years to be broken down by the body. Cholesterol is present in plasma membranes, and you can only eliminate 20% of your body's cells safely. Cholesterol is present in all foods. Mr. Martinez did not actually remove all cholesterol from his diet, although he thought he did. Cholesterol is produced naturally by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods. Cholesterol is produced by the pancreas, and is essential for human life.
Definition
Cholesterol is produced naturally by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods.
Term
Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. synthesis exchange reversible decomposition
Definition
synthesis
Term
Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. True False
Definition
false Polar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. Nonpolar molecules are electrically balanced due to the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules.
Term
What is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material? What is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material? acids buffers water salts
Definition
water Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound because of its high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, high heat capacity, reactivity, and cushioning properties.
Term
Which of the following is NOT a compound? Which of the following is NOT a compound? methane (natural gas) oxygen gas water carbon dioxide
Definition
oxygen gas Oxygen is a molecule because it consists of the element oxygen only. The other choices are molecules of compounds because they contain two or more different kinds of elements.
Term
What is an ion? What is an ion? an atom that loses all of its protons an atom that is sharing electrons with another atom an atom that has lost one or more neutrons an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)
Definition
an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s) ons form when atoms gain or lose electrons to attain a full valence shell, which gives them an electrical charge. Ions can be stored in the body, such as ions of calcium and phosphate that are stored in our bones, or can be available individually for many physiological processes. For example, Na+ is required for muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and regulation of blood pressure.
Term
When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved? When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved? both the protons and the electrons the neutrons the protons the outermost electrons
Definition
the outermost electrons
In ionic bonding, the atoms’ outermost electrons—the valence electrons—are closest to each other and will interact, which leads to bond formation.
Term
How do ions form ionic bonds?
One atom swaps all of its negative electrons for all of the other atom’s positive protons.
Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.
Ions of the same type are drawn together because they are attracted to their own kind.
Two atoms come together to share their electrons.
Definition
Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges. Ions of opposite charges are drawn together to balance out their charges. Once they bond, they form an ionic compound that can store and transport the ions, or dissociate (separate), releasing the ions, which can then be used by the body.
Term
Calcium’s atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion? Calcium’s atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion? –2 –1 +2 +1
Definition
+2
With atomic number 20, calcium atoms have 20 positive protons, and the ion has only 18 electrons, which means the net charge is +2. Calcium ions are essential for muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and bone maintenance.
Term
he numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? 2 2, 8, 8 2, 8 2, 8, 1
Definition
2, 8, 1
Term
What does the formula C6H12O6 mean? What does the formula C6H12O6 mean? The molecular weight is 24. There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms. There are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. The substance is a colloid.
Definition
There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.
Term
Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes? Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes? Each enzyme is chemically specific. Some enzymes are purely protein. Some enzymes are protein plus a cofactor. Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation.
Definition
Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation.
Term
Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? the nucleus of each atom valence electrons the orbitals protons
Definition
valence electrons
Term
Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability. Yes, because oxygen is in the air we breathe and it doesn’t hurt us. Yes, because the Octet Rule says stable atoms have 8 electrons. No, because only atoms with 2 valence electrons are stable.
Definition
No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.
Term
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?
No, because they do not have enough valence electrons.
Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.
Yes, but only with other stable atoms.
No, because they have an even number of valence electrons so they are already stable.
Definition
Yes, because they can become more stable by doing Atoms react with other atoms to gain stability, typically by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to attain a full outermost orbital. Atoms with full outermost electron orbitals are less likely to react and are referred to as being inert.
Term
Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? cells the heart atoms adipose (fat) tissue
Definition
Atoms react through chemical bonding to form larger structures. Chemical bonding begins with atoms; it does not produce them. All of the structures that we cover in A&P are made from atoms through chemical bonding.
Term
Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________. Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________. salt deposits in many regions of the body impaired nerve impulse transmission the blood becoming too concentrated all of the above
Definition
impaired nerve impulse transmission
Salts are ions that contribute to the ability of nerves to conduct an electrical current.
Term
Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in human bodies. Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in human bodies. glucose molecules joined to make glycogen ADP + Pi to make ATP glucose to CO2 and H2O H2O + CO2 to make H2CO3
Definition
glucose to CO2 and H2O
Term
What does CH4 mean? What does CH4 mean? This was involved in a redox reaction. This is an inorganic molecule. There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms. There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
Definition
There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
Term
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? high heat of vaporization high heat capacity polar solvent properties reactivity cushioning
Definition
high heat of vaporization
Term
The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________. The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________. carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen
Definition
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
Term
The chemical symbol O=O means ________. The chemical symbol O=O means ________. zero equals zero the atoms are double bonded both atoms are bonded and have zero electrons in the outer orbit this is an ionic bond with two shared electrons
Definition
atoms are double bonded
Term
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? H2O NaOH CH4 NaCl
Definition
CH4
Term
Suspensions may also be called emulsions. Suspensions may also be called emulsions. True False
Definition
false Colloids, not suspensions may also be called emulsions. Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures, meaning their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture. Colloids often appear translucent or milky and although the solute particles are larger than those in true solutions, they still do not settle out. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.
Term
What type of chemical bond joins sodium (element 11) and chlorine (element 17)? What type of chemical bond joins sodium (element 11) and chlorine (element 17)? polar covalent covalent ionic hydrogen
Definition
ionic
Term
Which of the following statements is false? Which of the following statements is false? The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution. When acids and bases are mixed, they react with each other to form water and a salt. The pH of blood is slightly basic. When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.
Definition
When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.
Term
Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
Definition
Proteins form the major structural materials of the body. Because fibrous proteins are the chief building materials of the body, they are also known as "structural" proteins.
Term
What is a dipole? What is a dipole? an organic molecule a type of reaction a type of bond a polar molecule
Definition
polar molecule
Term
Which of the following is FALSE? Which of the following is FALSE? The mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located. The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located. With some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
Definition
The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located.
