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| Author of Principles in Geology which exposed Darwin to the ideas of geological gradualism and uniformitarianism |
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| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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| Author of "On The Origin of Species" |
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| Founder of paleontology who argued for fixity of species |
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| Proposed The Scale of Naturae (Ladder of Life) |
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| One of the several people associated with development of the Modern Synthesis |
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| Proposed mechanism of evolution that was essentially the same as Darwin's ideas |
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| Proposed the idea of catastrophism |
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| On the Origin of Species... was published in |
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| descent with modification |
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| Darwin did not use the term evolution in the first edition of his book On the Origin of Species... Instead, he used the phrase __________. |
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| fixity of species and special creation |
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| At the time of the publication of Darwin's ideas on evolution most people (the general public and scientists of the time) believed in __________. |
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| The philosophy that the evidence of special creation and the Creator's plan can be revealed by studying nature |
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- the original species in each species lineage were separately created
- species were not fixed, but were transformed into new species over time forming a lineage of ancestral and descendant species
-species did not go extinct |
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| What points did Lamarck argue for with respect to the history of life? |
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| gradual change in species based on natural selection acting on slight heritable variations over long periods of time |
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| "Darwinian evolution" can be described as the _________. |
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| Refers to the reconciliation of Darwinians evolution and Mendelian genetics, and it forms the foundation of our current Theory of Evolution |
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All species:
1) can change over time by a number of different processes
2) are derived from previously existing species, and therefore any given group of species existing at any given point in time can be traced back to an earlier common ancestor
3) come to more or less fit their environment by the process of natural selection |
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| Summarize our modern "Theory of Evolution" |
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| artificial selection; natural selection |
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| All the various breeds of dogs that currently exist and the fact that all those breeds can be traced back to a single species of wolf is a good example of _________, and provide evidence for evolution by _________. |
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| Features that occur in two or more species because they were obtained from the common ancestor of those species |
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| Refers to the independent evolution of a similar feature in two or more groups of organisms whose most recent ancestor did not have the feature |
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| The greatly reduced hind libs of some snakes (boas) and the appendix of humans are examples of _________. |
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| a transitional form (fossil); theory of evolution |
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| Fossils of extinct aquatic mammals with a general morphology (body form) of modern whales, but which also have hind limbs that are lacking in modern whales is an example of ________ and is evidence for the _________. |
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| When you compare the amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin beta polypeptide of a fish versus a human, a frog versus a human, a chicken versus a human, a mouse versus a human, and a rhesus monkey versus a human you find that the number of differences __________. |
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| Refers to all of the individuals that belong to the same species in a given area at a given time |
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| The unit of biological evolution |
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| Refers to all the genes (alleles) in a population at any given time |
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| A collective term that includes all mechanisms (movement of individuals, seeds or gametes) resulting in the incorporation of genes from one population to another |
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| The proportion alleles for a given gene in a population that are a specific type |
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| If a population has 100 individuals, how many total alleles are said to be in the gene pool of that population for any given gene? (Assume that the gene is autosomal and the individuals are diploid) |
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| For a gene with 1 allele how many possible diploid genotypes are there in a population? |
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| For a gene with 3 alleles how many possible diploid genotypes are there in a population? |
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| A gene with two alleles (A, a) the frequency of A (p) in a population is calculated as |
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| For any given set of allelic frequencies (p, q), say p=0.5 and q=0.5, there is one and only one possible set of genotypic frequencies. True of false? |
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| An allele that is said to be fixed has a allelic frequency of |
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| Suppose that a gene has two alleles and the allelic frequency of one those alleles is 0.4, then the allelic frequency of the other allele |
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| Hardy-Wienberg Equilibrium values |
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| The genotypic frequencies predicted by the Hardy-Wienberg Model are said to be the |
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| Suppose a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to a gene (locus) with two alleles, and that the frequency of the homozygotes for one of those alleles is 64%, What is the frequency of that allele in the population? |
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-Gene flow
-Genetic drift
-Natural Selection |
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| Evolution can be caused by |
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| Suppose the frequency of the genotype "AA" in a population is 0.25 (that is P=0.25). What is the expected frequency of matings between AA and AA individuals, if you assume random mating? |
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| Inbreeding is one type of what type of mating? |
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| less than expected under the Hardy-Weinberg model |
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| Inbreeding will tend to cause the frequencies of heterozygotes in a population to be |
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| Inbreeding increases the chances that offspring will express a deleterious recessive allele. True or false? |
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-Alternate alleles for a given gene, e.g. "A" and "a" arise by mutation
-Mutation is important to evolution because it is the ultimate source of genetic variation
-Mutation are permanent changes in the DNA that may involve entire chromosomes or a single DNA nucleotides
-Mutation may have a harmful effect, a beneficial effect, or no effect on the organism |
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| What is correct concerning mutations? |
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| chance (random) changes in allelic frequency from generation to generation |
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| The Northern Elephant Seal which shows very little genetic variation and which is known to have undergone a drastic reduction size is a likely example of |
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| genetic drift AND the founder effect |
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| The human population on the island od Tristan de Cunha has an exceptionally high frequency of the deleterious allele that causes retinitis pigmentosa. This is probably an example of |
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| In which population would you expect genetic drift to be the most important as factor causing between populations |
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| Genetic drift tends to _________ genetic variation within populations and _________ genetic variation between populations |
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-may increase, decrease or remain the same from generation to generation
-will eventually, although it may take a long time, become either 1 or 0 |
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| Under genetic drift the frequency of an allele |
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| the differential reproductive success of genetically different individuals in a population due to the interaction of those individuals with their environment |
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| Natural selection refers to |
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| phenotypic variation in a trait that affect fitness AND heritability |
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| What is a required condition for the occurrences of evolution by natural selection |
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| What is responsible fro "adaptive evolution," that is evolution leading to an increase in the fit of organisms to their environment |
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| Traits that contribute to the relatively high reproductive succes |
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| genetic contribution (combined reproductive output and probability of surviving to reproduce) of a given genotype relative to other genotypes in the population |
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| Technically, fitness is a measure of |
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| What is the difference between a fitness value of 1 (highest fitness) and the fitness value of a given genotype, and is therefore a relative measure of selection "against" an inferior genotype. |
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| C (Look at the test or notes to study the diagrams) |
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| What figure illustrates directional selection? The arrows indicate the phenotypes that have the lowest fitness |
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| The relationship between the survivorship and birth weight in humans indicates that human birth weight is undergoing what kind of selection? |
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| Some populations of African finches have birds with two distinct bill sizes and tend to have few birds with intermediate sized bills. this seems to be an example of |
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| Changes in beak size of the medium ground finch as revealed in the studies by Grant and Grant is an example of fluctuating _________ selection |
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-be larger at first reproduction (sexual maturity)
-first reproduce at an older age |
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| In David Reznick's experimental test of natural selection in guppies, he found that after 11 years guppy populations transplanted from areas with large predatory fish (Pike-cichlid) to areas with small predatory fish (killifish) evolved to |
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| The existence of physical differences between the sexes, other than differences in the sex organs is called |
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| Natural selection based on mate choice or same sex competition for mates is called |
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| In many species of birds, males are often brightly colored whereas females are often drab. This phenomenon likely reflects what? |
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-Evolution is limited by historical (phylogenetic) constraints
-Adaptations are often compromises (reflect trade-offs)
-Chance can play a role as a factor affecting the genetic composition of a population
-Natural selection only "edits" existing variation within a group |
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| What is true concerning evolution? |
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-gene flow
-natural selection
-genetic drift
-mutation |
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| List four processes that can cause evolution as defined above |
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| Give the Hardy Weinberg Model (define all symbols used) |
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| Allelic frequencies and genotypic frequencies |
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| The Hardy Weinberg Model gives you the relationship between |
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| Clearly state in words the Hardy Weinberg Principle (law) with respect to allele frequencies |
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| Clearly state in words the Hardy Wienberg Principle (law) with respect to genotypic frequencies |
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-Random mating
-No gene flow
-No genetic drift/Infinitely large population
-No slection |
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| List the five assumptions of the Hardy Wienberg Model and Law (Do no count the fact that the model is based on sexually reproducing diploid organisms with discrete generations |
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| Give the definition formulae (those based on the census (counting) of genotypes in a population) for the genotypic frequencies and the allelic frequencies for a gene with two alleles. Define all symbols used and use the standard symbols presented in class |
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| Calculate the allelic and genotypic frequencies for a hypothetical population consisting of 10 homozygous AA individuals; 80 heterozygotes; and 10 homozygous aa individuals |
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| Trillium question about H-W. Genotypes FF, FS, SS. Sample contains 280 FF individuals, 480 FS individuals and 40 SS individuals. Are they in H-W equilibrium? |
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