Term
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Definition
| a natural substance in the cell or a fluorescent dye binds to a specific cell material and emits longer wavelengths when stimulated by light |
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Term
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Definition
| uses fluorescent dyes like fluorescence microscopy but adds a system of focusing on both the stimulating and emitted light in a single plane (sharper 2d images than fluorescence) |
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Term
| Stained bright-field microscopy |
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Definition
| A stain added to preserve cells enhances contrast and reveals details not otherwise visible |
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Term
| Transmission electron microscopy |
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Definition
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Term
| Scanning electron microscopy |
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Definition
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Term
| Freeze-fracture microscopy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
first separately formulated by Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow.
All living organisms are made of cells. Cells are the smallest units that can sustain life. Cells are the main structural and functional units of life. All cells arise by division of pre-existing cells (life does not arise spontaneously) |
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Definition
| tested out whether life could arise spontaneously or not |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of diffusion limits their size. Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria, archaea (always unicellular)
-helical, bacilli and cocci shapes
-can form colonies
-DNA free floating, found in area called nucleoid |
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Term
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Definition
yeasts, protists, plants, animals, etc (can be unicellular or multicellular)
-has a nucleus
-has a complex cytoplasm with organelles |
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Term
| Similarities between Pro/Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| DNA is genetic material of life, are membrane bound, have ribosomes, similar metabolism, similar chemical compound makeup |
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Definition
| region in prokaryote where DNA floats |
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Term
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Definition
| made of rigid peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| the space inbetween the second and first outermembrane of a prokaryote |
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Term
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Definition
| Spins like a helicopter to move. Clockwise rotation |
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Term
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Definition
| short thread-like structures projecting from the surface that help bacteria adhere to each other and to various surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls to kill bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| the double membrane bounding the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a strong meshwork of filaments under the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct regions within the nucleus where RNA polymerase I transcribes the rDNA |
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Term
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Definition
| main route of passage through nuclear envelope. Made from 8 protein complexes arranged in a circle. |
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Term
| Nuclear localization signal (NLS) |
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Definition
| is required on proteins destined for import into the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| an organelle about the size of a bacterial cell, has its own DNA, ribosomes, makes more than a dozen proteins. Important for energy production, cellular regulation of calcium ions, triggers programmed death. Grow and divide by binary fission. Double membrane organelle. |
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Term
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Definition
| the folded shelf-like structures within the mitochondria and contain the ATP-synthesizing enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| the inner compartment of a mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| present in plants and most protists. double membraned, main function is photosynthesis or storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of plastid that carries out photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane sacks within a chloroplast. The individual sacks called thylakoids |
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Term
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Definition
| the inside region of chloroplasts. Contains DNA and ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles filled with pigments (red, yellow, orange) that synthesize and store pigments - attractant for pollinating insects. |
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Term
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Definition
| depots for synthesis and storage of starch and fats. Located in roots and non-photosynthetic tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| when larger prokaryotes ingested smaller ones but did not digest them double-membrane organelles were born |
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Term
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Definition
| single membrane vesicles - part of the endo-membrane system. Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease of the lysosomes in which they cannot break down certain membrane glycolipids. Causes blindness, dementia, death by 3-4 years old |
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Term
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Definition
| granullar or crystalline interiors, destroy toxic peroxides |
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Term
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Definition
| storage of toxic waste materials, storage of food or nutrients, provides turgor |
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Term
| 3 types of skeletal fibers |
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Definition
| Actin filaments/microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| two primary functions: cell shape and cell movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the assembly at the plus end of an actin filament and disassembly at the minus end (not charged, just names of ends) |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of actin filaments that help maintain cell shape and keep cells elongated |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of actin filaments projecting from the cells surface |
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Term
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Definition
| places where stress fibers attach to the plasma membrane and anchor cells to the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| through microfilaments in the cytoskeleton allowing it to extend its membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain cell shape as well, and various kinds of movement (different then those associate with microfilaments) |
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Term
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Definition
| switching between growth and shortening at microtubule ends. Happens in microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
aka Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs). The place where microtubules are "organized" in cells.
In animal cells they consist of a pair of centrioles and surrounded by an ill-defined pericentriolar matrix |
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Term
| Eukaryotic flagella and cilia |
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Definition
machines for cell motility. Microtubule-machines.
Cross-sections of cilia short a 9+2 pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| motor proteins which are enzymes that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to make microtubules slide past each other (called walking) |
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Term
| How do vesicles move along microtubules |
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Definition
| use dynein and kinesin motors |
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Term
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Definition
used for structural support, similar in distribution in cells to microtubules but not dynamic. Made of sheets of 8 tetramers
-Nuclear lamins
-Keratin filaments
-Neurofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of inherited skin diseases that involves formation of blisters following trivial trauma. Due to a defect in mutations in keratin |
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Term
| Three basic mechanisms of transport across membranes |
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Definition
-Passive Diffusion
-Carrier Mediated Diffusion
-ATP-dependent Transport |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest method of transport across membranes. Flow is with concentration gradient, no energy required nor are carrier proteins. Molecules do not become concentrated on either side. Water and lipid-soluble uncharged molecules |
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Term
| Carrier Mediated Diffusion |
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Definition
| transported molecules are helped by receptor proteins or carriers. Can occur in either direction depending on the concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
carriers use ATP to "pump" molecules against their concentration gradient
-Uniporters
-Symporters
-Antiporters |
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Term
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Definition
| transport one substance in one direction |
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Term
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Definition
| transport two different substances in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| transport two different substances in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of trasnporting complex particles into the cell across the membrane by forming membrane vesicles |
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Term
| 3 Types of Membrane Vesicles |
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Definition
-Phagocytes
-Pinocytes
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| large particles and small cells are engulfed inside vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| cells take up water into vesicles |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| a specialized form of endocytosis for taking certain kinds of macromolecules into cells.Uses clathrin molecules |
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Term
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
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Definition
| absence of a functional LDL receptor prevents cholesterol from entering cells and it accumulates in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| process which complex molecules contained in vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the membrane and dump their contents outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
Comprised of:
-Rough ER
-Smooth ER
-Golgi Complex
-Vesicles
Functions:
-Sequestration
-Transport
-Chemical modification |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical modifications of proteins or carbohydrates destined either to be package materials in vesicles or for secretion |
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Term
| Flow of materials in the Golgi |
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Definition
| cis (inside) -> medial (middle) -> trans (outside) |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue forming a fibrous network between cells on the outside cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rigidity and strength, builds and holds shape, glues cell together, limits entry of large molecules and toxic materials, provides a stable osmotic environment by preventing osmotic lysis |
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Term
| 3 Types of Animal Cell Junctions |
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Definition
| Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| form a "quilted" seal, barring any movement of dissolved materials through the space between epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| link adjacent cells tightly but permit materials to move around them in the intercellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| let adjacent cells communicate. Made of connexins |
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Term
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Definition
| usually a single circular chromosome |
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Term
| 4 Stages of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle |
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Definition
| DNA synthesis "S" phase, Mitosis "M" phase, The stage between M and S Gap 1 "G1", and the stage between S and M Gap 2 "G2" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) |
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Definition
| enzymes which tightly control cell cycles. Cyclin only available in G1 phase, Cdk is always present |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that help DNA become tightly folded |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex of DNA with the histones |
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Term
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Definition
| basic building block of chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| each copy of DNA. two chromatids are held together at the centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| a display of all the chromosomes of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the cytoskeleton breaks down, the endo-membrane system disperses. The chromatin condenses to the mitotic chromosome form. The centrosomes move to the opposite sides of the nucleus and become the 2 poles of the mitotic spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| the nuclear envelope breaks down. A kinetochore forms at the centromere of each chromatid. The microtubules attach to the chromosomes which can now move to build the spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| the chromosomes are aligned at the "metaphase plate" the center of the spindle -- the mitotic spindle looks static but the microtubules are highly dynamic. Building of the mitotic spindle is completed. Metaphase checkpoint. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cohesin protein holding the two chromatids of each chromosome together are destroyed. One of the chromatids of each duplicated chromosome moves to one pole, and the other chromatid moves to the opposite pole. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cleavage furrow (animal cells) or cell plate (plant cells) forms. The spindle microtubules disassemble. A nuclear envelope re-forms around the cluster of chromosomes at each pole. The chromosomes de-condense to the interphase form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kinetochore microtubules, interpolar microtubules, astral microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| Cohesin molecules holding the two chromatids of each duplicated chromosome together are destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Cell Cleavage. Usually starts at the beginning of telophase. The contractile ring forms and creates the cleavage furrow. For plants the cell wall is not pinched but a new cell wall is built. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent) |
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Term
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Definition
| Have only one complete set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Protists, fungi, some green algae. The zygote (egg) is the only diploid cell in the life cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals, brown algae, some fungi. The gametes are the only haploid cells in the life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs during meiosis as egg cells and sperm cells are formed and when egg cells and sperm cells combine to form the new individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the process where the 2 homologs of each pair of chromosomes become attached to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| (or genetic recombination) occurs between the chromatids of the two homologs, results in reciprocal exchange of DNA - causes reassortment of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of spermatogenesis for males and oogenesis for females |
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Term
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Definition
| Germ cell (2n) -> spermatogonium (2n) -> 2 primary spermatocytes (2n)-> 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)-> 4 spermatids (n)-> 4 sperm cells (n) |
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Term
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Definition
| Female germ cell (2n) -> oogonium (2n) -> primary oocyte (2n) -> secondary oocyte (n) & first polar body -> ootid (n) & second polar body -> ovum (egg) (n) & polar bodies degrade |
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Term
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Definition
3 main pars:
-The head (acrosome)
-The neck or midpiece
-The tail (flagellum) (9+2 arrangement) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sperm cell contacts the jelly coat, the acrosomal reaction "fires", acrosomal enzymes digest the jelly coat, a sperm protein called bindin binds to bindin receptors on the eggs surface, and the cortical vesicles are expelled from the egg by exocytosis and dump their contents between the vitelline envelope and plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| zygote -> 2 cell -> 4 cell -> 8 cell -> morula -> bastula -> gastrula |
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Term
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Definition
| the name of cells at the early stages of Phase 1. The name of the cells making up the morula |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluid-filled cavity during the blastula stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer (forms nervous system, skin, hair and nails) - Animal pole |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle layer (forms the skeletal system, bones, heart, kidneys, blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost layer (develops into the respiratory tract, liver, pancreas, gut) - Vegetal pole |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of the 3 primary germ layers from the set up determined in the blastula stage |
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