Term
| What are the three leading cause of death in the US |
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Definition
| 1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke |
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Term
| How many people will experience a stroke each year? of those how many will also have aphasia? |
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Definition
| 250,000-500,000 people, 80,000 people |
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Term
| risk factors for a stroke |
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Definition
SPAM FOH BD...
Smoking, previous history, african american, male, family history, obesity, heart disease, birth control pills, diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| superifical is to deep as dorsal is to... |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false ...cranial and rostral have similar meanings |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| very deep sulcus is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
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Term
| the secondary lobe of the brain is called |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the primary motor strip do? |
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Definition
| voluntary control of the skeletal mm on the contralateral side |
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Term
| the inferior boundary of the frontal lobe is |
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Definition
| the lateral sulcus or the sylvian fissure |
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Term
| where is the primary motor strip located? |
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Definition
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Term
| what brodmann's area is the primary motor strip? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the premotor area do? |
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Definition
| planning and initiating, sequential movements |
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Term
| what brodmann's area is the premotor area? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does broca's area do? |
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Definition
| initiating and sequencing of motor movements for speech |
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Term
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Definition
inferior portion of premotor strip, anterior to the primary motor strip
only found in the left frontal lobe (left hemisphere) |
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Term
| what brodmann's areas are broca's area? |
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Definition
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Term
| name three functions of the frontal lobe |
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Definition
| planning, sequencing, volitional movements |
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Term
| names functions anterior to premotor areas |
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Definition
| regulating activity level, formulating plans, attention, initiating, patterns of behavior, self regulation, executive functioning |
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Term
| brodmann's areas for primary motor strip |
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Definition
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Term
| the post central gyrus... |
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Definition
| receives sensations of touch and pressure |
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Term
| pain and temperature are noted where? |
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Definition
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Term
| brodmann's area for supramarginal gyrus |
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Definition
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Term
| Name four functions of the parietal lobe |
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Definition
| perception, integration and mediating touch, body awareness and visuospatial information |
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Term
| _____ and ______ are interpreted on the parietal lobe on the postcentral gyrus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disturbance in body and space trouble walking, attention to location |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to recognize an object by touch |
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Term
| this lobe makes up 1/3 of each hemisphere |
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Definition
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Term
| this area attaches meaning to whatever we say |
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Definition
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Term
| this lobe and hemisphere deal with non verbal visual information and nonverbal sound |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary visual cortex in each hemisphere receives information _____ and ______ |
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Definition
| ipsilaterally and contralaterally |
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Term
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Definition
| interprets visual sensory information |
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Term
| visual disturbance at the optic chiasm ... |
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Definition
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Term
| the insula seems to be involved with... |
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Definition
| social and emotional jobs, understanding and explaining guilt, empathy |
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Term
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Definition
| interprets, applies meaning, helps process information, makes up most of the hemisphere |
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Term
| damage to association, spare primary areas you will have... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interpreting sensory information in a particular modality (auditory, visual, tactile) |
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Term
| which agnosia happens mostly with reading? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are larger groups of fibers or bundle of fibers called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| begins in the posterior superior temporal lobe, includes wernicke's area,travels anteriorly and arcs around the lateral sulcus and ends up in Broca's area or motor association cortex |
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Term
| what happens when blood supply is denied to the arcuate fasiculus? |
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Definition
1. cannot repeat (extremely difficult)
2. paraphasic errors (make multiple paraphasic errors and don't realize it) |
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Term
| what do we call areas of higher function? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the prefrontal tertiary areas do? |
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Definition
| personality, expression of emotion, drive ability to inhibit, set goals, solve problems, plan (not fully developed until early 20s) |
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Term
| what do the tertiary areas in the lower and medial portions of the temporal lobe deal with? |
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Definition
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Term
| temporal-parietal-occipital tertiary areas are for? |
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Definition
| integrating auditory, visual and tactile information...reading writing |
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Term
| what brodmann's areas are in the temporal-parietal-occipital tertiary areas? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connect cortex with lower levels |
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Term
| hemisphere connection fibers are called |
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Definition
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Term
| our brain requires what percentage of oxygen to perform at its best? |
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Definition
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Term
| the brain receives all of its blood from two sets of paired arteries... |
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Definition
| vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries |
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Term
| what provides blood to your face? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the common carotid branch into? |
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Definition
| internal carotid and external carotid |
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Term
| what happens when blood supply is denied to the arcuate fasiculus? |
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Definition
1. cannot repeat (extremely difficult)
2. paraphasic errors (make multiple paraphasic errors and don't realize it) |
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Term
| what do we call areas of higher function? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the prefrontal tertiary areas do? |
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Definition
| personality, expression of emotion, drive ability to inhibit, set goals, solve problems, plan (not fully developed until early 20s) |
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Term
| what do the tertiary areas in the lower and medial portions of the temporal lobe deal with? |
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Definition
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Term
| temporal-parietal-occipital tertiary areas are for? |
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Definition
| integrating auditory, visual and tactile information...reading writing |
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Term
| what brodmann's areas are in the temporal-parietal-occipital tertiary areas? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connect cortex with lower levels |
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Term
| hemisphere connection fibers are called |
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Definition
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Term
| our brain requires what percentage of oxygen to perform at its best? |
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Definition
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Term
| the brain receives all of its blood from two sets of paired arteries... |
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Definition
| vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries |
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Term
| what provides blood to your face? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the common carotid branch into? |
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Definition
| internal carotid and external carotid |
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Term
| the _____ effectively combines the two main arteries that supply blood to brain. It's second job to act as safety valve |
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Definition
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Term
| I'm looking for three terms...they all mean the same thing.... the first word is not medical, term most commonly used or a general term that refers to the sudden onset of prominent and usually persistent neurological deficit, one is not identifying the nature or the cause of the impairment, one is the most current term used to bring awareness |
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Definition
| stroke, cerebral vascular accident, brain attack |
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Term
| Main warning signs of stroke |
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Definition
| FAST,One side of face numb, one side of face facial droop, arm starts to droop on one side, can't say words (slurred), DON'T WASTE TIME! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which type of stroke is the most common? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________% is caused by ischemic stroke |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sudden loss of blood flow resulting in loss of blood to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If an ischemic stroke occurs in watershed areas or person has a well functioning circle of willis ... |
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Definition
| there might be enough collateral blood flow to reduce the ischemia (may be able to function to almost full capacity) can minimize ischemia and may even prevent cell death |
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Term
| what is an evolving or progressive stroke? |
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Definition
| what some ppl call a stroke that continues for several hours |
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Term
| what happens 3 to 5 days post stroke? |
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Definition
| the brain is swelling, edema, swelling in tissues, reaches maximal swelling point (the brain is reacting to traumatic events) |
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Term
| At the of the first week post stroke... |
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Definition
| swelling and edema start to diminish |
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Term
| By 12-21 days post stroke... |
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Definition
| brain will reabsorb or get rid of the dead tissue. What will be left is a cavity (cavity size depends on teh amount of tissue that died) cavity will be filled with fluid |
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Term
| What are the two types of ischemic stroke? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| build up of lipids and complex carbohydrates that eventually result in stenosis of an artery. |
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Term
| If narrowing of an artery (thrombosis) reaches a critical level (blocked greater than____) we will see... |
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Definition
| 70%, changes in the distal blood flow |
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Term
| In an ischemic stroke damage is caused by ... |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% of strokes result from bleeding from an artery in the intercranial space (___________ stroke) |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of stroke leads to more death? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three main causes of hemorrhagic stroke? |
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Definition
1. rupture of a blood vessel which causes a hematoma
2. rupture of a aneurysm (ballooning or bulging of artery wall because it is weak of a weakened blood vessel)
3. (not very common) Alteriovenous malformation)...congenital...veins grow together and twist together, have a tendency to bleed, (very challenging medical condition to stop bleeding and still allow adequate blood flow to the area) |
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Term
| What are three areas hemorrhagic strokes tend to occur? |
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Definition
1. parenchyma (deep in our cortex , 60% occur in our basal ganglia)
2. subarachnoid space ( almost always because of an aneurysm...in brain aneurysms are always at the base of the brain on the vertebral arteries)
3. subdural space (damage:caused by increased pressure to the area of the brain where the blood is flowing, if you can stop bleeding and reduce pressure function will return) |
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Term
| _____% mortality rates for hemorrhagic strokes |
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Definition
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Term
| if you survive a hemorrhagic stroke it is _____ and ______ to return to function than an ischemic stroke |
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Definition
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Term
| transient ischemic attack/accident |
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Definition
| ministroke, transient symptoms of a stroke, greater chance of having a stroke, brief cerebral event, develop quickly ...2 min-24 hours |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of a TIA? |
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Definition
| motor dysfunction (lack or weakness of limbs, one or more extremities could be paralyzed temporarily), numbness or tingling in face and extremities, gait or posture abnormalities (can't sit up straight in a chair, can't get up and walk...feel stuck), double vision, dysarthric briefly, dysphagic briefly, dizziness (with another symptom, slurred speech, inability to understand what ppl are saying, possible visual disturbance, facial drooping |
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Term
| Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) |
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Definition
| aphasia, but not sudden onset, don't have other physical symptoms, unique progressively deterioration of language functioning ...do not expect improvement |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels in our brain are more frail than the rest of our body and react quicker and stronger than the rest of our body does, easier for blood vessels in our blood to rupture (thinner walls) |
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Term
| what are the primary characteristics and focal signs of stroke |
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Definition
| paralysis of one side of the body, speech production problems, speech comprehension problems, memory loss, confusion, sensory impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| onset is usually sudden and abrupt, intensity may come and go but because worse within a few hours or actual onset, headache is common but not universal, stupor or coma can be present only in the early phases, vomiting and convulsions may occur |
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Term
| what are the three structural or static imaging techniques |
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Definition
| cerebral angiography, Computer tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), |
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Term
| which imaging technique involves an injection of radiopaque material in an extracranial artery to obtain xray images of the cerebral vascular system |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the strengths of cerebral angiography? |
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Definition
strengths: identify structural abnormality in intracranial blood vessels (stenosis or occlusion, aneurysm, AVM)
2. used to confirm brain death |
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Term
| what are the weaknesses of cerebral angiography? |
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Definition
| invasive with risks of dislodging arterial plaque, producing emboli |
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Term
| which imaging technique takes pics of structures (in small slices of your brain), shows a point in time, almost always what stroke pts receive... |
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Definition
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Term
| on computer tomography whitish areas are ______ and darker areas are ....cerebral infarcts will be... |
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Definition
| blood and bone (high density tissue), ventricles (lower density areas), dark because it's a cavity |
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Term
| what are the strengths of computer tomography? |
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Definition
| most widespread and economical of imaging techniques, helps identify where a person had a stroke |
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Term
| what are the weaknesses of computer tomography? |
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Definition
| invasive (xray), doesn't allow immediadte visualization of thrombotic and embolic infarctions, may fail to identify lacunae or tiny lesions |
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Term
| which imaging technique will be used for ppl suspected of tumors, hemorrhages, and TBI? |
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Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Term
| with magnetic resonance imaging blood and bones are ____ and the cerebrum has more water in it than bone so it will appear ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the strengths of magnetic resonance imaging? |
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Definition
| good visualization for gray vs. white matter and small lesions and quicker identification of infarct and edema, visualize damage related to demyelinating disease, tumors, infections, degenerative disease |
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Term
| what are the weaknesses of magnetic resonance imaging? |
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Definition
| can't be used with pts who have pacemakers or other metallic implants or prostheses because of strong magnetic forces, long scanning time, not good for ppl with movment disorders |
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Term
| what are the three types of functional/dynamic imaging techniques? |
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Definition
| Positron emission tomography (PET), single phonton emission tomography (SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Term
| which imaging technique involves injection of radioisotopes into extracranial artery to visualize changes in regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, or neurotransmitter levels, not common for ppl with aphasia |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the strengths of PET? |
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Definition
| look at brain's ability to utilize glucose for feeding nerve tissue, look at blood flow in brain and what's actually functioning within the brain, impaired functioning? |
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Term
| what are the weaknesses of PET? |
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Definition
| expensive, invasive because of exposure to radioacctive material |
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Term
| what are the weaknesses of spet? |
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Definition
| less precides than pet in terms of spatial resolution and ID their etiology of CBF changes (e.g., tumor vs. stroke) |
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Term
| what are the strengths of spet? |
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Definition
| allows visualization of changes in cerebral blood flow |
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Term
| what are the strengths of fmris? |
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Definition
| able to show more structure compared to PET (can se ventricles and have a sense of position and shape of the cerebrum), analyzes blood flow, looks at highly oxygenated blood vs. less oxygenated blood (look at color and intensity of blood), can look at areas of brain that aren't getting enough oxygenated blood so you can pinpoint area of hemorrhage of thrombosis |
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Term
| The corticospinal tract travels from the _________to spinal nerves (then travels through the______ ______, courses down through the brain and decussates (crosses over) at the level of the ______, connects with ____ on the ________ side of the body (________ which travel out to _____ and ____) |
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Definition
| precentral, internal capsule, medulla, LMN, contralateral |
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Term
| corticobulbar tract travels from the precentral to _____ ______, through the ________, courses down the brain and connects with the _____ of the _____ at the level of the brainstem |
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Definition
| cranial nerves, internal capsule, LMN, cranial nerves, |
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Term
| a stroke/lesion involving corticospinal fibers of a hemisphere above the medulla produces... |
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Definition
| weakness or paralysis on contralateral arm and leg |
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Term
| a stroke/lesion below the medulla produces... |
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Definition
| weakness of paralysis on the ipsilateral arm and leg |
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Term
| A stroke in the L corticobulbar tract would result in ... |
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Definition
| r facial weakness (below forehead...eyelids and lips), deviation of tongue to the r |
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Term
| its unusual to have an injury to only one tract b/c ... |
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Definition
| they are so close to each other |
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Term
| If there's a lesion the L hemisphere above the brainstem to both tracts, physical symptoms would be |
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Definition
| contralateral paralysis or weakness, contralateral face droop/paresis or paralysis, upon protrusion tongue deviates to weak side |
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Term
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Definition
| motor speech disorder/impairment in the motor programming of volitional speech movements/loss of voluntary control of speech production (can't sequence syllables in correct order or coordinate movements for speech sound production; omissions |
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Term
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Definition
| motor speech disorder/impairment in the execution of speech movment due to mm weakness, slowness or dyscoordination (strained, decreased volume, breathy or dyscoordination) |
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Term
| primary progressive aphasia |
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Definition
| aphasia characterized by deteriorating performance in language abilities, gradual onset, and lack of acute neurological injury |
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Term
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Definition
| a language impairment resulting from a stroke. It is characterized by impairment in all language modalities including: speaking,reading, writing, and listening although not necessarily to the same extent in each. May be acccompanied by impairment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lack of oxygen to region of brain due to reduced blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| cell death due to lack of oxygen in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of dead cells where tissue breaks down and is reabsorbed in the brain and leaves a cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| a mass of blood or swelling caused by a break in an blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| bleeding of circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excessive fluid in body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| umbrella term for an abnormal change in structure due to injury or disease |
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Term
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Definition
| essential part of organ which is concerned with its function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thickening and hardening and loss of elasticity to the arterial walls |
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Term
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Definition
| a buildup of fat, calcium deposits, carbohydrates, blood on arterial wall |
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Term
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Definition
| interruption of blood flow due to thrombosis or emboli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| buildup of fat, ect. resulting in stenosis and occlusion of artery |
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Term
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Definition
| thrombosis breaks away and travels to a distant part of the artery |
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Term
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Definition
| transient ischemic attack |
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Term
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Definition
primary progressive aphasia...
deteriorating lang impairment with gradual onset, not due to a stroke |
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