Term
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Definition
| is an enduring commitment between a man and a woman who feed, shelter, and nurture their children until they reach maturity --> excludes too many people. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Increase survival
2. Protection from starvation
3. Long-term relationship increased paternal certainty
4. Larger kin increased competition among other humans for resources. |
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Term
| Family as a social system |
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Definition
1. Family as a complex set of interacting relationships influenced by the social context.
2. Family members mutually influence one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| the attachment relationship between the mother and the infant. |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction between mother and father is affected by third parties. |
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Term
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Definition
| mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| a father undermines the mother's parenting behaviors (or vice versa). |
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Term
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Definition
| to teach someone to behave in a way that is acceptable in society. |
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Term
| Authoritarian parenting style |
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Definition
Punitive, strict parents.
1. Low acceptance
2. Low involvement
3. High control
4. Low autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
1. High acceptance
2. High involvement
3. Adaptive control
4. Appropriate autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
1. High acceptance
2. Too low/high involvement
3. Low control
4. High autonomy |
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Term
| Uninvolved parenting style |
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Definition
1. Low acceptance
2. Low involvement
3. Low control
4. Indifference autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
| (during middle childhood) a form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-to-moment decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| (adolescence) relying more on self and less on parents for support; making decisions independently. |
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Term
| Why have sizes of families decreased in the past fifty years? |
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Definition
1. More effective birth control
2. Having less children allows women to divide energies between family and career.
3. Raising children is expensive
4. Couples are waiting longer to have children to establish career and economic stability first. |
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Term
| Do infants engage in gender stereotyping? |
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Definition
| Yes, between 18 months and 3 years, labeling occurs and it strengthens during early childhood. Children are limited in thinking that gender-associated items do not determine a person's sex. |
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Term
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Definition
intellectual inferiority: evaluation of one's ability is attributable to one's gender or cultural group.
- Apprehension interferes with ability to perform well. |
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Term
| Influences on gender stereotyping |
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Definition
1. Biology:
- Evolutionary adaptiveness: cross-cultural similarities and hormones.
2. Environmental
- perceptions and expectations of adults
- observational learning
- peers and sibling |
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Term
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Definition
person's perception of self as relatively masculine or feminine characteristics.
1. Masculinity
2. Femininity
3. Androgyny |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically based, permanent of gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals label their own sex and others' sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| permanence of sex and stable over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| sex is biologically based. |
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Term
| How do you develop a non-gender-stereotyped children? |
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Definition
1. Permit choice of diverse toys and activities
2. Avoid transmitting gender stereotypes
3. Teach appreciation of difference
4. Avoid unnecessary references to gender.
5. Provide non-gender-stereotyped models.
6. Stress complexity of gender groups.
7. Encourage mixed-sex interaction
8. Discuss gender bias |
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Term
| Primary sexual characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary sexual characteristics |
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Definition
| breasts, facial, body and pubic hair, and voice change. |
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Term
| Why does youth vary across the world in terms of puberty? |
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Definition
1. Nutrition, exercise.
2. Heredity
3. Geographical location
4. Socioeconomic status
5. Ethnic group
6. Early family experiences. |
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Term
| Traditional view of adolescence |
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Definition
| storm and stress, but not all youth have adjustment difficulties/emotional turbulence. |
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Term
| Contemporary view of adolescence |
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Definition
biological, psychological, and social forces influence development. It varies by culture in which puberty takes place.
- Industrialized nations have longer periods of adolescence. |
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Term
| What does the mixture of emotions and what it might depend on? |
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Definition
1. Preparation
2. Rite of passages
3. How socially acceptable it is for certain genders to talk about their experiences. |
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Term
| When were teenagers noted to be in the best mood? What about the worst? |
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Definition
| Best mood = with peers and self-directed activities. Worst mood = adult-directed activities. |
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Term
| How does the parent-child relationship change? |
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Definition
| - Families have more conflict and feel less close as arguments over mundane issues increase. Girls have more conflict with parents than boys, because parents place more restrictions on girls. |
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Term
| Why is parental conflict adaptive? |
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Definition
| As youth starts to develop their own identity, they will their parents to guide them, but also give them room to grow. |
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Term
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Definition
Girls: unpopular, withdrawn, and low confidence. More deviant behavior, more negative body image (depression), and more long-term problems.
Boys: Popular, confident, independent, and positive body image. |
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Term
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Definition
Girls: popular, sociable and lively, school leaders, and positive body image.
Boys: Unpopular, anxious, talkative, and attention-seeking, and negative body image. |
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Term
| What leads to an increase sex drive? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Social context
2. Social attitudes (North American attitudes are relatively restrictive) |
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Term
| What is the use of contraception dependent on? |
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Definition
1. Education
2. Realistic expectations
3. Social environment
4. Parent-child relationships |
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Term
| What adaptive purposes do relationships serve? |
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Definition
| Small groups make it easier to raise children and help individuals survive. They help in times of need, validation of the self, and increased health outcomes. |
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Term
| The big three of attractiveness |
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Definition
1. Familiarity: tend to like people you see regularly.
2. Similarity: some degree of match between yourself and another person.
3. Reciprocity: we like people who like us especially, make us feel special. |
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Term
| Generalized vs. Dyadic liking |
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Definition
Generalized: someone who checks everyone's name.
Dyadic: only checked one individual. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Warmth and trustworthy
2. Vitality and attractive
3. Status and has many resources |
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Term
| What are signs of good genes? |
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Definition
1. Facial features
2. Facial symmetry
3. Fluctuating asymmetry |
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Term
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Definition
| people endorse different mating strategies |
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Term
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Definition
1. Committed relationships
2. Gain access to genes by providing
3. Prevent mate poaching
4. Investment in offspring (quality) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Brief affairs
2. Gain access to genes by many partners
3. Poach mates
4. Little investment in child (quantity) |
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Term
| Two phases of ovulatory cycles |
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Definition
1. Follicular phase (day 6 to 10): fertile
2. Luteal (days 12 to 28): not so fertile |
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Term
| Changes for women in the follicular phase |
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Definition
1. Waist-to-hip ratio
2. Preference in partner smell/shape
3. Clothing choice |
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Term
| What are the three basic teachings of sex? |
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Definition
1. Comprehensive sex ed.
2. Abstinence only ed.
3. Abstinence plus ed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plays near other children with similar toys, but does not try to influence them. |
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Term
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Definition
| associative play and cooperative play. |
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Term
| Early peer sociability influences |
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Definition
1. Skills are acquired through family first
2. Child age
3. Culture
4. Reticent children not all socially inadequate |
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Term
| What are direct parental influences on peer relations? |
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Definition
1. Arranging informal peer activities
2. Guidance on how to act toward others
3. Monitoring activities |
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Term
| What are indirect parental influences on peer relations? |
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Definition
1. Secure attachment
2. Authoritative parenting
3. Parent-child play |
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Term
| Resemblances between friends |
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Definition
1. Friends are often similar in: age, sex, ethnicity, and SES. Also personality, popularity, academics, prosocial behavior, and judgments of others.
2. Similarities increase supportiveness of friendship.
3. Adolescents may explore identity by making different friends. |
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Term
| Popular antisocial vs. prosocial |
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Definition
| Antisocial: bad kids who are popular vs. Prosocial: good kids who are popular. |
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Term
| How much access to children have? |
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Definition
- 27% of children have access to some form of media.
- 52% of all children have access to newer mobile devices.
- 11% of all 0 to 8 year olds use a cellphone or similar device for media consumption.
- 52% of 2 to 4 years olds have used a computer.
- 65% of 0 to 8 year olds watch TV once a day. |
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Term
| How does TV affect brain and cognitive development? |
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Definition
1. Speed of TV affects brain and eye development
2. Distraction from other healthy activities
3. TV viewing before age 3 negatively associated with reading recognition and comprehension at age 6.
4. Exposure associated with hostile attribution bias, negative emotions, and aggressive behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of being extremely poor or the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount. It is determined by looking at family size and composition. |
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Term
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Definition
Because children who live in poverty are less likely to have access to proper/healthy:
1. Prenatal development
2. Early childhood development
3. Health and nutrition
4. Stable family relationships
5. Safe housing and neighborhoods |
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Term
| Where does violence occur? |
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Definition
1. At home
2. At school
3. Home neighborhood
4. School neighborhood |
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