Term
| What are the four types of signaling molecules? |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters, local signaling molecules, pheromones, and horomones. |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecules that are released by axon ending of neurons and act on adjacent taget cells. |
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Term
| example of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| acetylcholine-major neurotransmitter that is used to excite muscle cell into contraction |
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Term
| Local signaling molecules |
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Definition
| produced by several types of cells, cause changes in theis local tissues |
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Term
| example of a local signaling molecule |
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Definition
| prostaglandins-restrict or enhance blood fow to certain tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| secretions of exocrine glands that diffuse through air or water to targets outside body. |
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Term
| Example of a type of pheromone |
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Definition
| sex pheromones-subconsciously trigger impressions of person emitting them |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecules secreted by endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and certain neurons that travel through the bloodstream to nonadjacent target cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid, pineal, thymus, pancreatic islets, gonads. |
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Term
| the pituitary gland is located in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| adrenal glands are located... |
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Definition
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Term
| the thyroid gland is located... |
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Definition
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Term
| parathyroid glands are located: |
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Definition
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Term
| pineal gland is located in... |
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Definition
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Term
| thymus gland is located in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| pancreatic islets are located... |
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Definition
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Term
| what else (besides glands) secrete horomones.. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the steps that occur when a hormone interacts with a protein receptor? |
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Definition
| activation of receptor, transduction of signal, functional response |
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Term
| activation of receptor (what happens)? |
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Definition
| hormones becomes bound to receptor protein. |
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Term
| is the activation of the receptor reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens during the transduction of signal? |
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Definition
| hormonal signal translated into molecular signal. Molecular signal now operable inside target cell |
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Term
| what happens during the functional response? |
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Definition
| target cell responds to molecular signal. |
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Term
| what are the two main types of hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| a steroid hormone is derived from... |
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Definition
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Term
| steroid hormones are soluble in |
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Definition
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Term
| what does being lipid soluble mean for steroid hormones? |
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Definition
| that they can diffuse directly into target cell |
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Term
| where are steroid hormones secreted from? |
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Definition
| adrenal glands and gonads |
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Term
| what are some examples of steroid hormones? |
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Definition
| estrogen, progestins, adrogens, cortisol, aldosterone |
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Term
| peptide molecules are essentially... |
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Definition
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Term
| peptide molecules are soluble in... |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of peptide molecules |
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Definition
| peptides (glucagon, ADH, oxytocin, TRH), proteins (insulin, somatotropin, prolactin), and glycoproteins (FSH, LH, TSH). |
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Term
| Steroid molecule moves through the body via... |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when a steroid molecule comes in contact with its target cell? |
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Definition
| it diffuses directly across the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope. |
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Term
| what happens when a steroid hormone makes it inside the nucleus? |
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Definition
| it binds to receptor, forming "hormone-receptor complex" |
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Term
| what does the hormone receptor complex trigger? |
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Definition
| the transcription of mRNA |
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Term
| when mRNA leaves the nucleus, after the hormone receptor complex triggers its transcription, where does it go? |
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Definition
| it travels into cytoplasm where it is translated into a gene product. |
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Term
| peptide hormones move from blood stream to |
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Definition
| interstital fluid bathing taget cell |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor on the plasma membrane |
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Term
| when peptide hormone binds to the receptor, it triggers |
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Definition
| a change in activity of enzymes inside the cell (sometimes requires atp) |
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Term
| describe how a peptide hormone effects a target cell |
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Definition
| hormone moves from blood stram into interstitial bathing target cell, hormone binds to receptor on plasma membrane, binding triggers change in activity of enzyme inside cell, enzyme activity leads to product (second messenger), second messenger converts other enzymes to active form, series of enzyme acitvations finally resultss in the formation of intended product |
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Term
| major neural endocrine control center |
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Definition
| hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| region in the forebrain for homeostatic control |
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Term
| is the hypothalamus an endocrine gland |
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Definition
| no, it contains hormone secreting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| pea-sized gland below hypothalamus |
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Term
| posterior lobe of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| stores and secretes two hormones that are produced by hypothalamus |
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Term
| anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| secrete own hormones, sometimes stimulated by hormones secreted by teh hypothalamus |
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Term
| what does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland usually taget |
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Definition
| other glands where they stimulate the formation of other hormones |
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Term
| How are hormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland released? |
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Definition
| secretory neurons in hypothalamus produce hormone, axon ending of neurons store hormones, action potentials trigger release of hormones through synapse, hormones diffuse into blood capillaries in posterior pituitary, small blood vessels deliver hormone molecules to target locations |
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Term
| hormones of the posterior lobe |
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Definition
| anit-diretic hormone and oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
| targets kidneys to conserve water |
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Term
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Definition
| mammary glands- induces milk movement into secretory ducts, uterus-induces contraction during childbirth |
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Term
| how are hormones secreted form the anterior lobe? |
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Definition
| cell bodies of different secretory neurons in hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibitory hormones,which diffuse into capillary bed at base of hypothalamus, bloodstream delivers hormones to second capillary bed in anterior lobe, which triggers endocrine cells in AL, hormones secreted by anterior lobe diffuse back into capillary bed to be transported throughout body |
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Term
| hormones of the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
| corticotropin, thyrotropin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin |
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Term
| pituitary and hypothalamus tell other glands to speed up or slow doen the secretion of hormones through feedback mechanisms called |
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Definition
| negative feedback and positive feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in hormone triggers activities that inhibit further secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in hormone trigger activities that stimulate further secretion |
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Term
| adrenal gland release (blank) when glucose levels in body reach alarmingly low level |
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Definition
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Term
| when glucose levels are suitable |
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Definition
| negative feedback mechanisms inhibits release of cortisol |
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Term
| negative feedback in adrenal cortex |
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Definition
| critically low blood glucose triggers hypothalamus to secrete CRH, CRH causes anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, which causes adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, which causes the breakdown of glycogen in liver, adipose tissues break down fat, skeletal muscles degrade protein, glucose, fatty acids and amino acids enter the blood, blood glucose levels rise above critically low levels, hypothalamus and pituitary detest rise in glucose levels and inhibit release of cortisol |
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Term
| what are the two major hormones produced by the thyroid |
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Definition
| thiodothyronine and thyroxine |
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Term
| what roles do thiodothyronin and thyroxine play |
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Definition
| they regulate metabolism and have roles in growth and development |
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Term
| what roles do thiodothyronin and thyroxine play |
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Definition
| they regulate metabolism and have roles in growth and development |
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Term
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Definition
| causes by lack of iodine (needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones), low iodine causes lobes to enlarge due to increased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone by pituitary, neck appears enlarged |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by high levels of thyroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| heat intolerance, irritability, anxiety, tremors, fatigue, diffeiculty sleeping |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by low levels of thyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| sluggish, overweight, intolerant of cold, dry-skinned, confused, and depressed |
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Term
| what are the main regulators of calcium |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone (from the parathyroid gland) |
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Term
| what is secreted when calcium levels drop? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| both exocrine and endocrine functions |
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Term
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Definition
| secreter digestive enzyme directly into small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| grouped into 2 million clusters called pancreatic islets |
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Term
| pancreatic islets, three types of hormone secreting cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secrete glucagon, raises levels of glucose in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete insulin, lowers blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete somatotropin, helps control digestion and absorption of nutrients, can also block seccretion of insulin and glucagon |
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Term
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Definition
| insulin deficiency leads to excess glucose in blood and urine |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune disease against insulin secreting beta cells (low insulin levels), childhood, treated by insulin injections |
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Term
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Definition
| insulin levels normal but target cells don't respomd, therefore, beta cells produce less insulin over time, adults, treated by diet and some drugs to inhance insulin action and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| photosensitive gland embedded in brain, secretes melatonin in absence of light, affects human circadian rhythms, may also play a role in puberty and SAD |
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Term
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Definition
| attributed to abnormal thyroid function (UV parasites also play role) |
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Term
| hormone that causes molting in arthropods |
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Definition
| ecdysone. released in response to light levels, temp, and other internal cues |
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