Term
|
Definition
| Increase in size or weight |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change in the state of a cell, tissue, organ or organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sporophyte that lies dormant in the seed with a supply of stored food and a seed coat |
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Term
| Plant body is composed of what three types of organs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| BLANK bear the reproductive structures of plants |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Short stem-like region of an embryo, which produces cotyledons |
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Term
| BLANK produces cotyledons |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| BLANK is the first organ to emerge from a germinating seed |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Region of undifferentiated cells that produces new tissues |
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Term
| Seeds have BLANK meristems |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 6 distinguishing features of eudicots |
|
Definition
| 2 cotyledons, petals in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular tissues arranged in a ring, taproot, branched leaf venation and pollen with three pores |
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|
Term
| 6 distinguishing features of monocots |
|
Definition
| 1 cotyledon, petals in multiples of 3, vascular bundles arranged randomly, parallel leaf venation, pollen with one pore and fibrous roots |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process that increases the size of the shoot and root systems |
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|
Term
| Each bud has a BLANK meristem |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Example of an organ system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Indeterminate growth of plants |
|
Definition
| Continuously produce new stem tissue and leaves |
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|
Term
| Reproductive structures of plants |
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Definition
| Flowers, seeds and fruits |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| BLANK are produced by determinate growth |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where are gametophytes located in angiosperms? |
|
Definition
| Within the flower tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plants that do not reproduce the first year, but may the following year |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plants that live for over 2 years and often produce seeds each year |
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|
Term
| Four essential processes of growth and development |
|
Definition
| Cell division, growth, specialization and apoptosis |
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|
Term
| Additional plant growth and development principles (4) |
|
Definition
| Development and maintenance of characteristic architecture, increase in length, maintenance of a population of stem cells in meristems and expansion of cells in controlled directions by water uptake |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase in girth from secondary or lateral meristems |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Starch is stored in BLANK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special ability of parenchyma? |
|
Definition
| Meristematic capacity to heal wounds |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Produced on the surface of stems of monocots and eudicots |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stem node, internode, leaf and axillary meristem |
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|
Term
| Axillary meristem produces |
|
Definition
| Flowers or branches via axillary buds |
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|
Term
| Auxin controls production of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Auxin accumulation increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The areas next to the SAM where new leaves will form |
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|
Term
| Giberellic acid is produced in the absence of |
|
Definition
| KNOX (plant transcription factors) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant transcription factors |
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|
Term
| Gibberellic acid stimulates |
|
Definition
| Cell division and enlargement so young leaves can grow |
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|
Term
| Compound leaf has multiple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of modified leaves |
|
Definition
| Tendrils, touch scales that protect buds, Poinsetta petals, and cactus spines |
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|
Term
| Herbaceous plants produce mostly BLANK tissue |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Woody plants produce BLANK tissue |
|
Definition
| Primary and secondary vascular |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular cambium derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cork cambium derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Horizontal stems that connect plants |
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|
Term
| Eudicots have BLANK roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocots have BLANK roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized root examples |
|
Definition
| Prop roots, buttress roots, and pneumatophores |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Roots that are above ground to aid in O2 intake due to water-logged soil |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer in root tip that senses gravity and touch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lubricating substance surrounding root tips |
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|
Term
| Three zones of root growth |
|
Definition
| RAM, Zone of elongation, and Zone of maturation |
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|
Term
| Cells extend via BLANK in the zone of elongation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special feature of the Zone of maturation |
|
Definition
| Cells differentiate and specialize |
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|
Term
| Root hairs are present in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do plants recognize stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant response to stimuli usually involves |
|
Definition
| Increased activity of certain enzymes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Any growth response that results in curvatures of whole plant organs toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charles and Francis Darwin explored BLANK and concluded |
|
Definition
| Phototropism, results from hormones in the apical meristem |
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|
Term
| Example of plant hormone interactions |
|
Definition
| Auxin and gibberellins must be present for fruit to set |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The transport of organic nutrients in a plant |
|
|
Term
| Phloem travels from BLANK to BLANK |
|
Definition
| A sugar source, sugar sink |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants derive most of their organic mass from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of elements identified in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An element is essential if |
|
Definition
| It is required for a plant to complete a life cycle |
|
|
Term
| Researchers use BLANK to determine which elements are essential for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential elements that plants require in large amounts (9) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential elements that plants require in small amounts (8) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A purple leaf has a BLANK deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An orange edged leaf has a BLANK deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A yellow leaf has a BLANK deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK is the mineral that has the greatest effect on plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants require nitrogen as a component of |
|
Definition
| Proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, ect. |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria convert atmospheric N2 into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two mutualistic nutritional relationships |
|
Definition
| Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and Mycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
| BLANK are the best at nitrogen fixation relationships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bacteria that "infects" legume roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rhizobium lives in the cells of legume roots as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified roots consisting of mutualistic associations between fungi and roots |
|
|
Term
| The fungus in mycorrhizae benefits from |
|
Definition
| Sugar from the host plant |
|
|
Term
| The roots in mycorrhizae benefits from |
|
Definition
| Increased surface area for water and mineral uptake |
|
|
Term
| Carnivorous plants adapted b/c of |
|
Definition
| Low nitrogen enviornments |
|
|
Term
| Carnivorous plants can get as much as BLANK% nitrogen from prey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive carnivorous mechanisms depend on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active carnivorous mechanisms depend on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasitic plant that lacks roots and sinks haustoria into host's vascular system |
|
|
Term
| Function of vascular tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the functions and interactions of an organism's body systems |
|
|
Term
| All animal cells share similarities in the ways which they: (5) |
|
Definition
| Exchange materials with their surroundings, obtain energy from organic nutrients, synthesize complex molecules, reproduce themselves and detect and respond to stimuli |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in external surroundings |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that maintain the same composition as environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that work to maintain a body different than the environment |
|
|
Term
| Which requires more energy: conformers or regulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect on blood sugar if you skip a meal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Restore physiological functions (variables) to normal |
|
|
Term
| BLANK returns high blood glucose levels to normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK returns low blood glucose levels to normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy is lost from the body in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heat is lost from the body in |
|
Definition
| Every active step of bioenenergetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage, growth and reproduction |
|
|
Term
| BLANK & BLANK have a high energy expenditure compared to mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK has a low energy expenditure compared to mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
| Example of negative feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback prevents |
|
Definition
| Homeostatic responses from overcompensating |
|
|
Term
| Four steps of a negative feedback loop: |
|
Definition
| Sensor, integrator, effector and response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforces the direction of change and accelerates a process |
|
|
Term
| Example of positive feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radiation, evaporation, conduction and convection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emission of electromagnetic waves by the surfaces of objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of water evaporating and cooling the animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of heat by movement of air or water next to the body |
|
|
Term
| Elephants waving their ears is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body surface loses or gains heat through direct contact with warmer or cooler surfaces |
|
|
Term
| BLANK controls homeostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fine-tuning of adaptive mechanisms in response to a chronic temperature change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of consuming and using food and nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair or reproduction |
|
|
Term
| Five categories of organic nutrients |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK sphincter at the bottom of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK is digested in the oral cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK is digested in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK is digested in the lumen of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK is digested in the epithelium of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has a long digestive tract: Carnivores or herbivores? And why? |
|
Definition
| Herbivores because they have to digest cellulose |
|
|
Term
| Unique feature of ruminants |
|
Definition
| Regurgitate their food to digest it again |
|
|
Term
| How do termites digest cellulose |
|
Definition
| Symbiotic relationship with the protist Trichonympha in their gut |
|
|
Term
| Primary function of the circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Transport of nutrients and wastes |
|
|
Term
| Three basic types of circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Gastrovascular cavity, open circulatory system and closed circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| Element composition of air |
|
Definition
| 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 1% CO2 and other gases |
|
|
Term
| Breathing control centers |
|
Definition
| Pons and medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| Three important aspects of water in the body |
|
Definition
| Major portion of an animal's body mass, solvent for chemical reactions, and a transport vehicle |
|
|
Term
| Effect of dehydration on the body |
|
Definition
| Compromises the circulatory system and thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disassociated ions of salts |
|
|
Term
| Electrolyte imbalance effect on the body |
|
Definition
| Alters membrane potential and disrupts cellular activities |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous wastes are a product of |
|
Definition
| Nucleic acid and protein degradation |
|
|
Term
| Three forms of nitrogenous waste |
|
Definition
| Ammonia (and ammonium ions), urea and uric acid |
|
|
Term
| Most toxic of the nitrogenous wastes? |
|
Definition
| Ammonia (and ammonium ions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aquatic animals (and some snails and crustaceans) |
|
|
Term
| Advantage of excreting ammonia |
|
Definition
| Does not require energy to convert to a less toxic product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All mammals and most amphibians |
|
|
Term
| What type of nitrogenous waste can tolerate accumulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of nitrogenous waste is excreted as a semi-solid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Birds, insects and most reptiles |
|
|
Term
| Unique feature of kangaroo rats |
|
Definition
| Do not require ingestion of water |
|
|
Term
| Humans lose most of their water via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK responds to high blood osmolarity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK responds to low blood osmolarity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direction of xylem transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direction of phloem transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solute concentration and pressure |
|
|
Term
| Water flows from areas of BLANK water potential to BLANK water potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell becomes plasmolyzed when |
|
Definition
| A flaccid cell is placed in an environment with a high solute concentration (low water potential) |
|
|
Term
| A cell becomes turgid when |
|
Definition
| A flaccid cell is placed in an environment with a low solute concentration (high water potential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three major components of vacuolated plant cells |
|
Definition
| Cell wall, cytosol and the vacuole |
|
|
Term
| BLANK is a barrier between the cytosol and the cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vacuole can occupy as much as BLANK% of a protoplast's volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most cells BLANK and BLANK are continuous from cell to cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell wall and extracellular space continuum |
|
|
Term
| BLANK account for much of the surface area of roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symbiotic structures consisting of plant roots united with fungal hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The loss of water vapor from leaves |
|
|
Term
| Plants lose a large amount of water via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does water potential lower in a plant? |
|
Definition
| Root cells continue pumping mineral ions into the xylem at night when transpiration is very low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The exudation of water droplets of grass blades or the leaf margins of small herbaceous eudicots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binding together of like molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attraction between different kinds of molecules |
|
|
Term
| About 90% of the water a plant loses escapes through which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When guard cells are turgid, the stoma is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When guard cells are flaccid, the stoma is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK ions control the opening and closing of stoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Biome, Biosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First ecologist, author of Silent Spring (1962) |
|
|
Term
| Biogeographic regions (6) |
|
Definition
| Nearctic, palearctic, oriental, ethiopian, australian, neotropical |
|
|
Term
| Species absent because of dispersal - |
|
Definition
| Area inaccessible or insufficient time |
|
|
Term
| Species absent because of behavior - |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Species absent because of biotic factors - |
|
Definition
| Predation, parasitism, competition, disease |
|
|
Term
| Species absent because of abiotic factors (chemical) - |
|
Definition
| Water, oxygen, salinity, pH, soil nutrients, ect. |
|
|
Term
| Species absent because of abiotic factors (physical) - |
|
Definition
| Temperature, light, soil structure, fire, moisture, ect. |
|
|
Term
| Factors that limit geographic distribution (in order) |
|
Definition
| Dispersal, behavior, biotic factors, abiotic factors |
|
|
Term
| Classification of biomes based on |
|
Definition
| Annual mean temperature, and annual mean precipitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tropical atmospheric circulation, with moisture on the tropical side and dry air on the far side |
|
|
Term
| Ocean currents in the N. hemisphere flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocean currents in the S. hemisphere flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clear with little plant life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More cyanobacteria and algae, less clear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where rivers meet ocean water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Free swimming animals in open ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tropical forest, savanna, desert, chapparal, temperate grasslad, temperate deciduous forest, coniferous forest and tundra |
|
|
Term
| Temperate forests have BLANK trees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patterns of population dispersion |
|
Definition
| Clumped, uniform or random |
|
|
Term
| What type of survivorship curve are humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exponential population growth until the population reaches the carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| (-/-) interspecific interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (+/-) interspecific interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (+/+) interspecific interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (+/0) interspecific interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species with a role out of proportion with its abundance or biomass. Biodiversity often depends on them. |
|
|
Term
| How to test a keystone predator hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Look at the number of species present with or without the predator |
|
|
Term
| BLANK decreases with increased trophic level |
|
Definition
| Energy, biomass and number |
|
|
Term
| Organic materials unavailable as nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic materials available as nutrients |
|
Definition
| Living organisms and detritus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-living organic waste including dead animals and fecal mater |
|
|
Term
| Inorganic materials available as nutrients |
|
Definition
| Atmosphere, soil and water |
|
|
Term
| Inorganic materials unavailable as nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of permanently frozen soil in tundra biome |
|
|
