Term
1) The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called ________.
A) organs
B) organ systems
C) tissues
D) cells
E) organelles |
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Definition
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Term
2) Which of the following is NOT one of the major cell types found in the human body?
A) epithelial cells
B) muscle cells
C) endocrine cells
D) nervous cells
E) connective tissue cells |
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Definition
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Term
3) The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level, is ________.
A) muscle tissue
B) epithelial tissue
C) connective tissue
D) nervous tissue
E) skeletal tissue |
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Definition
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Term
4) What tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a barrier between the internal and external environment?
A) epithelial tissue
B) muscle tissue
C) nervous tissue
D) connective tissue
E) reticular tissue |
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Definition
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Term
5) What type of tissue lines exocrine glands?
A) connective
B) epithelial
C) exonuclear
D) nerve
E) muscle |
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Definition
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Term
6) What type of gland secretes products into ducts leading to the external environment?
A) endocrine glands
B) exocrine glands
C) both endocrine and exocrine
D) neither endocrine nor exocrine |
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Definition
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Term
7) Which of the following descriptions INCORRECTLY describes the tissue type?
A) Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction and generation of force.
B) Epithelial tissue forms glands.
C) Nervous tissue is specialized for transmission of electrical impulses.
D) Connective tissue is specialized for exchange between the internal and external environments.
E) Epithelial tissue lines the lumen of internal organs. |
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Definition
| connective tissue is specialized for exchange between the internal and external environments |
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Term
8) Which of the following is a protein found in the body that provides the tensile strength to resist stretching?
A) Collagen
B) Elastin
C) Erythropoietin
D) Basement membrane
E) Vimentin |
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Definition
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Term
9) What are the structures that attach bone to muscle called?
A) ligaments
B) aponeuroses
C) extracellular matrix proteins
D) tendons
E) intracellular matrix proteins |
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Definition
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Term
10) Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex?
A) organ systems, cells, tissues, organs
B) tissues, cells, organs, organ systems
C) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
D) cells, tissues, organ systems, organs
E) organ systems, organs, tissues, cells |
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Definition
| C) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems |
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Term
11) Which of the following is NOT a component of the gastrointestinal system?
A) salivary glands
B) stomach
C) gall bladder
D) liver
E) kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
12) The uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream is called ________.
A) filtration
B) excretion
C) secretion
D) absorption
E) reabsorption |
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Definition
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Term
13) What organ system protects the body against pathogens and abnormal cells?
A) nervous
B) endocrine
C) respiratory
D) integumentary
E) immune |
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Definition
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Term
14) What type of tissue separates the internal from the external environment?
A) connective
B) epithelial
C) plasma membrane
D) nerve
E) reticular |
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Definition
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Term
15) What separates the internal environment of the body from the external environment?
A) water
B) walls of blood vessels
C) membranes of blood cells
D) plasma membrane of all body cells
E) epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
16) The process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys is called ________.
A) filtration
B) excretion
C) secretion
D) absorption
E) reabsorption |
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Definition
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Term
17) Referring to a membrane as "selectively permeable" describes its ability to ________.
A) restrict the movement of particular molecules across a membrane
B) restrict only the movement of sodium across a membrane
C) provide a barrier that restricts the movement of all molecules across a membrane
D) provide a minimal barrier that allows almost any molecule to move across a membrane
E) restrict only the movement of potassium across the membrane |
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Definition
| restrict the movement of particular molecules across a membrane |
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Term
18) Total body water is composed of ________.
A) intracellular fluid only
B) extracellular fluid only
C) intracellular and interstitial fluid
D) intracellular and extracellular fluid
E) plasma and intracellular fluid |
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Definition
| intracellular and extracellular fluid |
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Term
19) Which of the following compartments contains most of the water found in the human body?
A) intracellular fluid
B) plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) extracellular fluid
E) lumen of the intestinal tract |
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Definition
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Term
20) The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called ________.
A) intracellular fluid
B) intercellular fluid
C) interstitial fluid
D) plasma
E) extracellular fluid |
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Definition
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Term
21) Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid?
A) rich in sodium, potassium, and chloride
B) rich in sodium and chloride
C) rich in proteins and chloride
D) rich in proteins and potassium
E) rich in potassium and chloride |
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Definition
| rich in proteins and potassium |
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Term
22) Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body ________.
A) affects the external environment
B) maintains a constant external environment
C) maintains a constant internal environment
D) maintains a variable internal environment
E) maintains a constant internal and external environment |
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Definition
| maintains a constant internal environment |
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Term
23) The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called what?
A) physiology
B) anatomy
C) biochemistry
D) microbiology
E) homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
24) Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?
A) The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life.
B) The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback.
C) The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
D) Illness can result if homeostasis is disrupted.
E) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment. |
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Definition
| the primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback |
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Term
25) The ________ determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiate the appropriate response.
A) sensor
B) integrator
C) effector
D) set point
E) regulated variable |
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Definition
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Term
, ________ between complementary bases hold the two strands of DNA together.
A) hydrogen bonds
B) disulfide bridges
C) ionic bonds
D) covalent bonds
E) van der Waals forces |
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Definition
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Term
________ between phosphate and carbohydrate of the nucleotides hold the backbone of the DNA strands together.
A) hydrogen bonds
B) disulfide bridges
C) ionic bonds
D) covalent bonds
E) van der Waals forces |
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Definition
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Term
30) Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
A) glucose
B) fructose
C) galactose
D) deoxyribose
E) lactose |
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Definition
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Term
32) The presence of ________ chemical groups makes carbohydrates ________.
A) hydroxyl : polar
B) hydroxyl : nonpolar
C) amino : polar
D) amino : acidic
E) carboxyl : polar and acidic |
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Definition
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Term
33) Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water?
A) NaCl
B) cholesterol
C) C6H14
D) triglyceride
E) fatty acid |
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Definition
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Term
35) ________ are molecules whose general structure includes a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen molecule, and a residual group.
A) Lipids
B) Nucleotides
C) Proteins
D) Amino acids
E) Carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
37) Which of the following chemical groups are necessary components of a nucleotide?
A) phosphate, peptide, and base
B) carbohydrate, phosphate, and peptide
C) phosphate, carbohydrate, and base
D) peptide, phosphate, and carbohydrate
E) carbohydrate, base, and peptide |
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Definition
| phosphate, carbohydrate, and base |
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Term
38) Which of the following is found in DNA but not RNA?
A) deoxyribose only
B) adenine only
C) thymine only
D) both adenine and thymine
E) both thymine and deoxyribose |
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Definition
| both thymine and deoxyribose |
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Term
39) Which of the following molecules is a polymer?
A) protein only
B) glycogen only
C) nucleic acid only
D) both protein and nucleic acid
E) protein, nucleic acid, and glycogen |
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Definition
| protein, nucleic acid, and glycogen |
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Term
40) Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels?
A) phospholipids
B) cholesterol
C) carbohydrates
D) integral membrane proteins
E) peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| integral membrane proteins |
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Term
41) Continuous with the outer portion of the nuclear pore, this membrane-bound structure functions in the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins bound for other organelles.
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) lysosome
E) nucleolus |
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Definition
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Term
42) The ________ is the site where lipids, triglycerides, and steroids are synthesized, as well as where calcium is stored within the cell.
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondria
D) lysosome
E) nucleolus |
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Definition
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Term
43) Where are triglycerides synthesized?
A) cytosol
B) mitochondria
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) Golgi apparatus |
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Definition
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Term
44) What organelle packages and directs proteins to their proper destination?
A) ribosomes
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) Golgi apparatus
E) lysosomes |
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Definition
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Term
45) What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) mitochondria
E) Golgi apparatus |
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Definition
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Term
46) Which microtubular proteins are responsible for the distribution of chromosomes during cell division?
A) tubulin
B) spindle fibers
C) actin
D) myosin
E) keratin |
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Definition
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Term
47) ________ are proteins attached to intermediate filaments in regions where cells are exposed to mechanical stresses.
A) Connexins
B) Cadherins
C) Dyneins
D) Occludins
E) Tubulins |
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Definition
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Term
48) The initiator codon is composed of the sequence ________.
A) CCG
B) CCC
C) UUG
D) AUG
E) AAC |
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Definition
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Term
49) What strand of mRNA would be transcribed from the following strand of DNA: AATG?
A) TTUC
B) TTAC
C) UUGT
D) UUAC
E) GGUA |
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Definition
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Term
50) Following is a list of steps for initiating translation. Put them in the correct order.
1. Binding of initiator tRNA to mRNA
2. Binding of large ribosomal subunit to mRNA
3. Binding of small ribosomal subunit to mRNA
4. Binding of tRNA with 2nd amino acid to the A site
5. Formation of covalent bond between methionine and second amino acid
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
C) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5
D) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
E) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 |
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Definition
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Term
51) In the chemical equation A + B ⇔ C + D, which of the chemicals would be termed the reactant(s)?
A) A only
B) B only
C) A and B
D) C and D
E) C only |
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Definition
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Term
52) In the chemical equation A + B ⇔ C + D, which of the chemicals would be termed the product(s)?
A) A only
B) B only
C) A and B
D) C and D
E) C only |
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Definition
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Term
53) Which of the following is a correct description of an anabolic pathway?
A) Proteins are transcribed from DNA in the nucleus.
B) Proteins are degraded by mRNA in the cytoplasm.
C) Glycogen is synthesized in the cytosol from glucose.
D) The primary site of the synthesis of triglycerides is in the liver.
E) The primary site of the breakdown of triglycerides is in the adipose tissue. |
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Definition
| glycogen is synthesized in the cytosol from glucose |
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Term
54) Chemical reactions that involve the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids that produce water as a byproduct are called ________ reactions.
A) hydrolysis
B) phosphorylation
C) condensation
D) oxidation
E) reduction |
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Definition
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Term
55) During what type of reaction are electrons removed from the reactant?
A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) phosphorylation
D) electrocution
E) deelectronofication |
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Definition
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Term
56) The kinetic energy of a molecule can be increased by ________.
A) increasing its mass
B) increasing its temperature
C) decreasing its mass
D) decreasing its temperature
E) decreasing its velocity |
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Definition
| increasing its temperature |
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Term
57) Start with the following chemical reaction at equilibrium: A ↔ B. If you add product B to the system from a separate pathway, then what change in the reaction occurs?
A) Because the reaction is at equilibrium, there will be no change in rates of either the forward or reverse reaction.
B) Because the reaction is at equilibrium, the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions increase.
C) The rate of the forward reaction increases.
D) The rate of the reverse reaction increases.
E) The rate of the forward and reverse reactions both decrease. |
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Definition
| the rate of the reverse reaction increases |
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Term
58) As the ________ energy of a molecule increases with temperature, the molecule will ________ more frequently with other reactants, thereby increasing reaction rate.
A) potential : oxidize
B) kinetic : hydrolyze
C) kinetic : collide
D) potential : hydrolyze
E) activation : collide |
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Definition
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Term
59) How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
A) changing the equilibrium of the reaction
B) bringing the substrates together to undergo collision
C) adding potential energy to the reaction
D) adding kinetic energy to the reaction
E) converting kinetic energy to potential energy |
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Definition
| bringing the substrates together to undergo collision |
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Term
60) The rate at which an enzyme-catalyzed reaction occurs can be increased by ________.
A) decreasing substrate concentration
B) releasing the cofactor that was bound to the enzyme
C) increasing enzyme concentration
D) decreasing temperature
E) changing the enzyme's conformation, thereby reducing its affinity for the substrate |
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Definition
| increasing enzyme concentration |
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Term
61) Coenzyme A is derived from which of the following vitamins?
A) niacin
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) riboflavin
E) pantothenic acid |
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Definition
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Term
62) Affinity is a measure of ________.
A) the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
B) the rate of a metabolic pathway, from initial substrate to final product
C) the degree of phosphorylation of a molecule
D) the strength of interactions between a ligand and binding site
E) the rate of electron flow down the electron transport chain |
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Definition
| the strength of interactions between a ligand and binding site |
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Term
63) In allosteric regulation, the modulator molecule binds to the ________.
A) catalytic site of the enzyme by weak, reversible interactions
B) regulatory site of the enzyme by weak, reversible interactions
C) catalytic site by covalent bonds
D) regulatory site by covalent bonds
E) cofactor by weak, reversible interactions |
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Definition
| regulatory site of the enzyme by weak, reversible interactions |
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Term
64) Which of the following enzymes covalently modulates another enzyme?
A) DNA polymerase
B) protein kinase
C) RNA polymerase
D) catalase
E) phosphatase |
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Definition
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Term
65) In skeletal muscle, ATP can be synthesized by transferring a phosphate group from creatine-P to ADP to form ATP and creatine. In this example, ATP was synthesized by what process?
A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) substrate-level phosphorylation
C) oxidation
D) reduction
E) condensation |
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Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Term
66) How much energy is required to produce 1 mole of ATP?
A) 7 kcal
B) 686 kcal
C) 266 kcal
D) 420 kcal
E) 98 kcal |
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Definition
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Term
67) The final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is pyruvate. What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
A) Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in the cytosol, and the acetyl CoA then enters the mitochondrial matrix.
B) Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl CoA.
C) Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in the cytosol.
D) Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in the mitochondrial matrix.
E) Pyruvate provides electrons to the electron transport chain. |
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Definition
| pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetylCoA |
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Term
68) How many ATP are generated per acetyl coenzyme A going through the Krebs cycle followed by the electron transport system?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 12
D) 24
E) 36-38 |
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Definition
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Term
69) Where is the electron transport chain?
A) cytosol
B) outer mitochondrial membrane
C) inner mitochondrial membrane
D) intermembrane space of the mitochondria
E) mitochondrial matrix |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
70) Chemiosmotic coupling refers to ________.
A) chemical coupling between substrate and enzymes
B) chemical coupling of each reaction within the mitochondria
C) coupling of the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain
D) the harnessing of energy from the reactions of the electron transport chain to make ATP
E) the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another |
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Definition
| the harnessing of energy from the reactions of the electron transport chain to make ATP. |
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Term
71) What is the first component of the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from an FADH2 molecule?
A) flavin mononucleotide
B) cytochrome b
C) cytochrome a3
D) coenzyme Q
E) flavin adenine dinucleotide |
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Definition
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Term
72) Under anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted to and where does this occur?
A) acetyl coenzyme A in the mitochondria
B) acetyl coenzyme A in the cytosol
C) lactate in the mitochondria
D) lactate in the cytosol
E) fatty acid in the cytosol |
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Definition
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Term
73) How is glucose stored in muscle and liver cells?
A) starch
B) glycogen
C) cellulose
D) lipids
E) amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
74) Which of the following molecules is a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
A) amino acids only
B) glycogen only
C) glycerol only
D) amino acids and glycerol only
E) amino acids, glycogen, and glycerol |
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Definition
| amino acids and glycerol only |
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Term
75) Beta-oxidation of a 14-chain fatty acid results in how many acetyl CoA molecules?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 7
E) 14 |
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Definition
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Term
76) The chemical force for which of the following ions is directed into the cell?
A) potassium only
B) sodium only
C) calcium only
D) both potassium and sodium
E) both sodium and calcium |
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Definition
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Term
77) Of the gradients listed below, which is the most accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane?
A) chemical gradient
B) potential gradient
C) electrochemical gradient
D) concentration gradient
E) electrical gradient |
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Definition
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Term
78) Which of the following is a reflection of the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane?
A) Chemical gradient
B) Extracellular potential
C) Membrane potential
D) Chemical driving force
E) Electrochemical driving force |
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Definition
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Term
79) Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect the direction or magnitude of the electrical driving force?
A) the sign of the membrane potential
B) an ion's charge
C) the amplitude of membrane potential
D) the molecular weight of an ion
E) the quantity of charge carried by an ion |
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Definition
| the molecular weight of an ion |
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Term
80) Which of the following cells would have a greater electrical attraction for sodium ions to enter the cell?
A) cell with membrane potential = -70 mV
B) cell with membrane potential = -90 mV
C) cell with membrane potential = -50 mV
D) cell with membrane potential = 0 mV
E) cell with membrane potential = +20 mV |
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Definition
| cell with membrane potential = -90mV |
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Term
81) If a negatively charged ion is more concentrated outside the cell, the forces required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed ________. Thus, the equilibrium potential for this ion would be ________ charged.
A) outward : negatively
B) outward : positively
C) inward : positively
D) inward : negatively
E) outward : neutrally |
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Definition
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Term
82) Which of the following can be used to determine an ion's equilibrium potential?
A) Navier Stokes equation
B) oscilloscope
C) intracellular voltmeter
D) Nernst equation
E) concentration of an ion only |
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Definition
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Term
83) Which of the following best describes the potassium equilibrium potential?
A) +94 mV
B) +60 mV
C) -60 mV
D) -70 mV
E) -94 mV |
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Definition
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Term
84) Which of the following is NOT required to determine equilibrium potential of a particular ion?
A) size of the ion
B) valence of the ion
C) concentration gradient for ion across the membrane
D) temperature
E) charge |
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Definition
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Term
85) Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane?
A) large, polar molecule
B) large, non-polar molecule
C) small, polar molecule
D) small, non-polar molecule
E) large amphipathic molecule |
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Definition
| small, non-polar molecule |
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Term
86) Oxygen diffuses from blood into cells down its concentration gradient. As cells become more active and oxidative phosphorylation increases in the cell, which of the following occurs?
A) The concentration gradient for oxygen decreases and oxygen movement into the cell decreases.
B) The concentration gradient for oxygen increases and oxygen movement into the cell decreases.
C) The concentration gradient for oxygen decreases and oxygen movement into the cell increases.
D) The concentration gradient for oxygen increases and oxygen movement into the cell increases.
E) The concentration gradient for oxygen and its rate of movement into the cell do not change. |
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Definition
| the concentration gradient for oxygen increases and oxygen movement into the cell increases |
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Term
87) When a substance crossing the membrane is driven by diffusion, the net flux of that molecule can be described mathematically by ________.
A) the Nernst equation
B) Fick's Law
C) the Navier Stokes equation
D) the Goldman Hodgkins Katz equation
E) Einstein's equation |
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Definition
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Term
88) Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane ________.
A) directly across the lipid bilayer
B) only through specific protein channels
C) only with the addition of energy
D) indirectly by moving across a carrier protein
E) through specific lipid channels |
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Definition
| directly across the lipid bilayer |
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Term
89) Which of the following molecules is least likely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
A) fatty acid
B) water
C) disaccharide
D) oxygen
E) steroids |
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Definition
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Term
90) In facilitated diffusion, ________.
A) a molecule is moved down its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, and no energy is required
B) a molecule is moved against its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule and requires energy
C) a molecule is moved against its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, but no energy is required
D) a molecule is moved against its concentration gradient while Na is moved with its concentration gradient
E) a molecule is moved with its concentration gradient while Na is moved against its concentration gradient |
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Definition
| a molecule is moved down its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, and no energy is required. |
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Term
91) Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy?
A) primary active transport only
B) secondary active transport only
C) facilitated diffusion only
D) both primary and secondary active transport
E) both primary active transport and facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| both primary and secondary active transport |
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Term
92) The first step of the Na+/K+ pump's activity involves the binding of which of the following?
A) 3 Na+ to their binding site on the outside of the cell
B) 3 Na+ to their binding site on the inside of the cell
C) 2 K+ to their binding site on the inside of the cell
D) 2 K+ to their binding site on the outside of the cell
E) 3 Na+ and 2 K+ to their respective binding sites |
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Definition
| 3 Na+ to the binding site on the inside of the cell |
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Term
93) The concentration of an anion inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of this anion outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more of this ion inside the cell?
A) passive transport
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) exocytosis
E) pinocytosis |
|
Definition
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Term
94) The sodium-proton exchanger is an example of a(n) ________.
A) antiporter
B) cotransporter
C) symporter
D) primary active transporter
E) passive transporter |
|
Definition
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Term
95) If there is a difference in osmolarity between a cell and its environment, water will move ________ its osmotic pressure gradient.
A) across
B) down
C) up
D) through
E) between |
|
Definition
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Term
96) The osmotic pressure of a solution is a(n) ________.
A) indication of its glucose concentration
B) direct measure of its solvent concentration
C) indirect measure of its solvent concentration
D) direct measure of its solute concentration
E) indirect measure of its solute concentration |
|
Definition
| indirect measure of its solute concentration |
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Term
97) White blood cells are an important component of our immune system. One thing they do is consume and destroy bacteria by extending their plasma membrane around the bacterium and bringing it inside the cell in a vesicle. By what process do they engulf the bacterium?
A) phagocytosis
B) receptor-mediated endocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) transcytosis |
|
Definition
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Term
98) Secretory vesicles are a part of what transport mechanism?
A) phagocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) osmosis |
|
Definition
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Term
99) The movement of a number of molecules across the apical surface of the epithelial cell by secondary transporters is coupled to the ________ gradient that is maintained by the ________ on the basolateral surface of the epithelial cell.
A) Na+ : Na+/K+ pump
B) Na+ : Na+ channel
C) K+ : K+ channel
D) K+ : K+pump
E) Ca2+ : Na+/K+ pump |
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Definition
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Term
100) When solute is actively transported across epithelium, what usually follows?
A) water movement in the same direction
B) water movement in the opposite direction
C) passive transport of the solute in the opposite direction
D) active transport of the solute in the opposite direction
E) passive transport of solute in the same direction |
|
Definition
| water movement in the same direction |
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