Term
| Other names for microscopic organisms |
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Definition
Microorganisms
Microbes
Germs
Bugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths (Parasitic worms), and Algae |
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Term
| Meaning being or seeming to be everywhere. |
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Definition
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Term
| Category of Prokaryotes (single cell no nucleus) with peptidoglycon in their cell walls (outside membrane) and a single, circular chromosome (genetic material). This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earths habitats. |
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Definition
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Term
| Microscopic, acellular (no cells) agent composed of necleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heterotropic (feed off other organisms) unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (lots of cells) eukaryotic (complex with a nucleus) organism that may take the form of a larger macroscopic organism, as in the case of yeast or molds. |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms. |
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Term
| A term that designates all parastic worms. |
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Term
| Photosynthetic, plantlike organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple cells with no nucleus are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Complex cells with a nucleus are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Are all prokaryotes microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are all eukaryotes microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Viruses (characteristics) |
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Definition
-Are not cells.
-Acellular, parasitic particles.
-Composed of a small amount of hereditary material (nucleic acid) wrapped up in a protien covering.
-Much simpler than cells.
-Can not be active outside their host. |
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Term
| Light fueled coversion of carbon dioxide to organic materical is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Breakdown of of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Using living organisms to remedy and environmental problem is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Two of the top causes of deaths caused by microorganisms are: |
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Definition
| Infuenza and pneumonia, and Speticemia (blood infection) |
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Term
| Ability to enlarge an object is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Ability to show detail is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Magnification in most microscopes results from interaction between: |
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Definition
| Visible light waves and Curvature of the lens. |
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Term
| Angle of light passing through convex surface of glass changes: |
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Definition
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Term
| Focuses all the light beams into one beam on the microscope: |
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Definition
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Term
| What three things can regulate the light on a microscope? |
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Definition
| Rheostat, Iris Diaphram lever, and the Condenser (by moving it up and down). |
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Term
| Magnification occurs in two phases- |
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Definition
-The objective lens forms the magnified real image.
-The real image is projected to the ocular where it is magnified again to form the virtual image.
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Term
| Do shorter wavelengths provide better resolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F - The higher the Numerical Aperture (NA), the higher the resolving power. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do Oil immersion lens require the use of oil? |
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Definition
| To prevent refractive loss of light. |
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Term
| Most widely used type of microscopy; specimen is darker than surrounding field; used for live and preserved stained specimens: |
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Definition
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Term
| Brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field; used for live and unstained specimens: |
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Definition
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Term
| Transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular (within) structures: |
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Definition
| Phase-contrast microscopy |
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Term
-Modified microscope with an ulraviolet radiation source and filter.
-Uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays - fluorescence.
-Useful in diagnosing infections. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of mounts allow ecamination of characteristics of live cells: Size, motility, shape, and arrangement? |
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Definition
| Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts |
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Term
| What type of mounts are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cell parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of dyes are cationic, positevely charged chromophore? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes this is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| List examples of basic dyes used in simple stains: |
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Definition
| Methelene blue, Crystal violet, and Safranin |
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Term
| What type of dyes are anionic negatively charged chromophore (chemical component)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surfaces of microbe repels dye, the dye stains the backdround. This is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| List examples of Acidic dyes used: |
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Definition
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Term
| Do bacterial cells have a positive or negative charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital foces present in nonliving or decompoing matter (flies from manure, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Prominent discoveries in Microbiology include: |
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Definition
| Microscopy, Scientific Method, Delvelopment of medical microbiology, and micrbiology techniques. |
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Term
| Who is the father of bacteriology and protozoology? |
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Definition
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) |
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Term
-Dutch linen merchant
-First to observe living microbes
-Single-lens magnified up 300X
-Sent his observations to the Royal Society in London
-Called bacteria and protozoa "animalcules
-Constructed more the 250 microscopes
-first observed a drop of water off a clay pot
-later observed plaque from his teeth |
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Definition
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Term
-Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon
-Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted (proven false)
-A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testin either supports or refutes the hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
| A bacterial cell that is a dormant version of itself that will germinate under favorable growth condition and return to a vegetative state is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| In scientific method when a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survies rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence it becomes: |
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Definition
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Term
| In Scientific Method if the evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes |
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Definition
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Term
| a metabolically active feeding and dividing form, as opposed to a dormant, nondividing form is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Collection of statements, propositions or concepts that explain or account for a natural event is called |
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Term
| T/F - Boiling water kills all vegetative forms of bacteria, but will not kill endospores. |
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Definition
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Term
| Resulted in the use of sterile, aseptic, and pure culture techniques: |
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Definition
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Term
-English physicist
-Provided intial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that vigorous treatment is required to destroy them. |
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Definition
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Term
-German botanist
-clarifed the reason that heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms. |
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Definition
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Term
-Microbiologist that clearly linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease.
-Verified the germ theory and could establish whether a organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused.
-Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and Cholera.
-Developed pure culture methods.
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Definition
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Term
-American physician
-Observed that mother who gave birth at home had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals. |
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Definition
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Term
-Hungarian
-Correlated infections with phusician coming directly from autopsy room to maternity ward. |
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Definition
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Term
Introduced aseptic techniques reducing microbes in medical settings and preventing wound infections.
-Involved disinfection of hand using chemicals prior to surgery.
-Use of heat for sterilization. |
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Definition
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Term
-Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
-Disproved spontaneous generation of microrganisms
-Developed pasteurization
-Demonstrated what is now know as Germ Theory of Disease
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Definition
| Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) |
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Term
| One of the first to test the spontaneous generation theory by doing a experiment with meat and flies. |
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Definition
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Term
| To expose to an elevated temperature for a period of time suficient to destroy microrganisms and those that can produce disease or cause spoilage of food. |
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Definition
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Term
| biological catalysts that lover the energy of activation for a reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of environment has no net movement of water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of environment causes water to move into a cell and causes the cell to swell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of environment cause water to move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Totality of adaptation organisms make to heir habitat is called |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the environmental factors that affect the function of metablic enzymes? |
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Definition
-Temperature
-Oxygen requirements
-pH
-Osmotic pressure
-Barometic pressure |
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Term
| Lowest temperature that permits a microbe's growht and metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Highest Temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Optimum temperature below 15`C; capable of growth at 0`C |
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Definition
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Term
| Optimum temperature 20`C-40`C; most human pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| Optimum temperature greater than 45`C |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal body temperature in `C |
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Definition
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Term
| Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it |
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Definition
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Term
| cannot grow without oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Utilizes oxygen but can also grow in it absense |
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Definition
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Term
| Requires only a small amount of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| As oxygen is utilized it is transformed into several toxic products: |
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Definition
| Singlet oxygen, Superoxide ion, peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals |
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Term
| Most cells have developed enzymes that neuralize these chemicals: |
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Definition
| Superoxide dismutase, catalase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment |
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Definition
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Term
| DO NOT ultilize oxygen but can survive and grow in it presence |
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Definition
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Term
| Do all microbes require some carbon dioxide in their metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Grow better at higher Carbon Dioxide tensions than normally present in the atmosphere. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the majority of microorganisms grow at a pH between 6 and 8? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Grow at extreme alkaline pH |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F - most microbes exist under hypotonic or isontoic conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| Require a high concetration of salt |
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Definition
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Term
| Do not require high concentration of solute but can tolerat it when it occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| Can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms live in close nutritional relationships required by one or both members |
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Definition
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Term
| Obligatory Dependent: both member benefit |
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Definition
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Term
| The commensal benefits; other member not harmed |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival |
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Definition
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Term
| Members cooperate and share nutrients. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others. |
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Definition
| Antagonism (Nonsymbiotic) |
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Term
| Interrelationships between Microbes and Humans |
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Definition
-Human body is a rich habitat for symbiotic bacteria, fungi, and a few protozoa - normal microbial flora
-Commensal, parasitic, and synergistic relationships. |
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Term
| ________ results when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organzed layers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dominate the structure of most natural environments on earth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Organism that relies upon organic compounds for it carbon and energy needs. |
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Definition
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Term
| A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| spherical or ball-shaped bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| rod-shaped bacteria, longer than wide |
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Definition
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Term
| spiral shaped cylinder, corkscrew |
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Definition
| spirillum (pl. spirilla or spirilli) |
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Term
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Definition
pairs
ex: diplococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped pairs) |
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Definition
cluster
ex: staphylococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped cluster) |
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Definition
chain
ex: steptococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped chain) |
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| meaning without contamination of the culture |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism that uses carbon dioxide as its carbon source and is not nutritionall dependent on other living things is called a(n) |
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Definition
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