Term
| Structure of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| composed of white matter (axons)spinak tracts on the outside and gray matter inside composed of cell bodies and dendrites |
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Term
| Function of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| conducts sensory and motor information, reflex center, & switchboard |
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Term
| List principles of autonomic functioning |
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Definition
| Summation, non-autonomy, all reflexive, dual innervation, homeostasis, chemical antagonism, dominance |
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Term
| Distinguish between the parasympathetic and sympathetic in at least three ways |
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Definition
Areas of emergence= symp=thoracic&lumbar nerves -para=sacral and spinal nerves
Chemicals= symp= NE - para=ACH
ganglia location= symp=near spine - para=away frm CNS/ at effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| Alzheimer's, epilepsy, CVA's, Myesthenia Gravis, multiple sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory, severe mental deterioration of dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| petit mal & grand mal seizures - due to sudden electrical bursts of activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies that go against ACH receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune-hardened plauque in neural pathways, cause difficulty in body functions and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| stroke-can be caused by ruptured vessel, vessel spasm, plaque blockage, thrombus = cuts off blood supply and ischemia |
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Term
| ANS- autonomic nervous system (centers & divions) |
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Definition
| Environmental influences thoughts → cerebrum & limbic system changes in temperature→ hypothalamus → medullary autonomic center → sympathetic response and parasympathetic response = the divisions |
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Term
| describe the structure and function of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| name or identify the abnormal conditions of the ear |
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Definition
Otitis media
Conducion deafness |
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Term
| List the 12 cranial nerves |
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Definition
| 1=olfactory (smell), 2=optic (vision), 3=occulomotor (eye movements), 4=trochlear (eye movements), 5=trigeminal (chewing), 6=abducens (eye movements), 7=Facial (taste), 8=vestibulochoclear (hearing/balance), 9=glossopharyngeal (swallowing), 10=vagus (HR), 11=accessory (head/shldr mvments), 12=hypoglossal (tongue movemetns) |
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Term
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Definition
| tough, fluid-filled membrane that covers CNS- protects brain & spinal cord |
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Term
| Name 3 layers of meninges |
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Definition
dura mater=tough, outer layer
pia mater=inner layer
Arachnoid mater= middle later - CSF fills subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
fills subarachnoid space, brain ventricle, & spinal cord
Continually formed by blood, acts as cushion for brain & caries nutrients&wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| 31 pairs (C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, Coccygeal) - conduct impulses b/t spinal cord & body |
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Term
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Definition
| network of braided spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| skin area supplied by a single nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| mucous membrane lines eyelid & white of eye |
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Term
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Definition
| located in outer upper corner of eye, produces tears (combo of water &lysosome=antibacterial), nasolacrimal duct empties tears into nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| outer,thick layer- white of eye |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior portion of sclera - clear-window of the eye (lacks blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer - contains blue pigment that absorbs light - anterior portion is modified into ciliary muscle & iris |
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Term
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Definition
| circular muscle, changes shape of lens |
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Term
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Definition
| colored part of eye, circular muscle controls pupil size |
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Term
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Definition
| hole in the iris- controls the amount of light entering the eye- protects the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| inner layer-lines posterior 2/3 of eyeball - contains visual receptors=rods&cones |
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Term
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Definition
| detect light-night time vision- black&white |
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Term
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Definition
| detect color-used for daytime vision |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of elastic protein-shape controled by ciliary muscle-only adjustable part of the eye's refractory system |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior cavity- b/t cornea & front of lens contains aqueous humor= watery
Posterior cavity- b/t lens & retina - contains vitreous humor = gel like (holds retina in place) |
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Term
| Refraction of light through the eye |
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Definition
refraction = bending of the light
path= cornea -> AH -> lens -> VH -> retina |
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Term
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Definition
retina adjusts the lens ->
far away= thin & elongated
close = bulges |
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Term
| transmission of impulses thru optic nerve |
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Definition
optic disc-where nerve fibers leave eye=blind spot
optic nerve fibers cross over to other side of brain - optic chiasma - image upside-down on retina-brain reverses it (occipital lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
| increased intraocular pressure decreases blood flow in retina- decreased vision->blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| irregularity in the cornea or lens |
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Term
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Definition
| (pinna, auricle) stationary&no fxn |
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Term
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Definition
| external auditory meatus- tunnel in temporal bone - contains ceruminus glands=protection (wax) |
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Term
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Definition
| air filled cavity in temporal bone- containd ear ossicles, tympanic membrane,oval window, & eustachian tube |
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Term
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Definition
| ear drum- stretches across end of ear canal - vibrates as sound waves strike it |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 tiny ear bones - malleus, incus, stapes |
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Term
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Definition
| separates middle & inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory canal- extends from middle ear to throat - permits entry of air, need equal pressure inside & outside for normal hearing, |
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Term
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Definition
labyrinth- many connecting passages - 2 parts:
bony labyrinth-outer layer, series of canals, contain fld called perilymph
membranous labyrinth-inside bony labyrinth- contain fld endolymph -thicker |
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Term
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Definition
contains semicircular canals & vestibule = blanace
cochlea-snail shaped = hearing |
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Term
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Definition
fxn=hearind
structure- 3 fld filled canals
organ of corti-contains hearing receptors= stereocilia=hair cells->auditory nerve |
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Term
| Transmission of sound waves |
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Definition
| sequence= tympanic memebrane-> malleus-> incus-> stapes-> oval window-> perilymph->endolymph -> stereocilia(organ or corti) |
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Term
| Impulse that creates sound |
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Definition
| hair cells bend with sound waves- brain interprets in temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of one of the structures that transmits sound |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Impulse that creates sound |
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Definition
| hair cells bend with sound waves- brain interprets in temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of one of the structures that transmits sound |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Function of the endocrine system |
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Definition
| communication & control- slower, longer lasting control |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of cells that secrete a substance |
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Term
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Definition
ductless-secretes substances (hormones) that enter the blood stream
ex)pituitary, thyroid, pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
secrete substances into ducts that empty on surface or in cavity
ex)salivary, lacrimal, sweat |
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Term
| what is a hormone & its fxn |
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Definition
a substance secreted by an endocrine gland into blood- blood transports hormones throughout body
fxn=regulate metabolism, growth, homeostasis, & reproduction |
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Term
| Two major types of hormones |
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Definition
protein (peptide, amino acids)
steriod |
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Term
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Definition
| need 1st & 2nd messengers- 1st messenger gains entry into cell - 2nd messenger affects cells activity - all hormones except sex hormones are protein |
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Term
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Definition
| fats that influence cell by acting on DNA- able to pass thru cell membrane-lips are small |
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Term
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Definition
located in ventricle of brain-
secretes- melatonin
fxn=regulated body's internal clock (sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
located in mediastinum
secretes-thymosin
fxn=controls fxn of immune system |
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Term
| Pituitary gland (location & function) |
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Definition
| pea sized-hangs off hypothalamus- master gland=controls other glands- anterior secretes tropic hormones (hormones stimulate other glands) |
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Term
| Pituitary gland hormones (6) |
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Definition
TSH-thyroid stimulating hormone-stimulates growth & secretion of thyroid gland
ACTH-adrenocorticotropic-stimulates growth&secretion of adrenals
FSH-follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates ovulation&production of testosterone
MSH-melanocyte stimulating hormone-increases melanin
GH-growth hormone-stimulates growth&hyperglycemia
Prolactin-stimulates production of milk after birth |
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Term
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Definition
fxns as endocrine gland-
releases hormones that stimulates pituitary to release hormones
inhibiting hormones that decreases anterior pituitary secretions |
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Term
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Definition
ADH-antidiuretic hormone-increased fld rentention->decreased urine
Oxytocin-stimulates uterine contraction during labor & let down breast feeding reflex |
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Term
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Definition
located in neck-needs iodine
Thyroxine- increases body's metabolic rate (T3&T4)
Calcitonin- decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
(4)behind the thyroid
PTH-parathyroid hormone- increases blood calcium level
opposite effect for calcitonin |
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Term
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Definition
(2) on top of kidneys
Glucocorticoids-cortisol-stress hormone
mineralcorticoids-aldosterone
Sex hormones-androgens |
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Term
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Definition
inner part of adrenal gland
E-epinepherine
NE-norepinephrine
both stimulate symp NS fight or flight |
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Term
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Definition
left ab cavity
Tissues that secrete hormones:islets of langerhan-2 cells=alphaβ cells
Glycogen= +blood sugar level
Insulin= -blood sugar level |
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Term
| Ovaries & testes & placenta |
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Definition
Estrogen&progesterone
Testosterone
HCG-human chorionic gonadtropin |
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Term
| name 5 functions of the respiratory system |
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Definition
| gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, voice production, olfaction, protection |
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Term
| mechanisms of breathing (2) |
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Definition
Inspiration:diaphragm elevates ribs & sternum
Expiration:muscles depress ribs
-Normal=muscles are relaxed |
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Term
| name 3 functions of the heart |
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Definition
| 1-generating blood pressure 2-routing blood 3-regulating blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous & serous- simple squamous epithelium overlaying a layer of loose connective tissue |
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Term
| Heart wall composed of 3 layers of tissue |
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Definition
| epicardium, myocardium,& endocardium |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
| 1-fluid balance 2-fat absorption 3-defense |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphatic system carries fluid in one direction, form tissues to the circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in the alimentary canal by which food is broken up physically, as by action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption and assimilation into the body |
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Term
| name 4 functions of the digestive system |
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Definition
1-take in food
2-break down the food
3-absorb nutrients
4-eliminate wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| a tube extending from the mouth to the anus, and consists of:oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small& large intestines & anus |
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Term
| Describe functions of the liver |
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Definition
-stores & processes nutrients
-synthesizes new molecules
-detoxifies harmful chemicals
-produces bile
-stores glycogen, fat, vits, copper, &iron
-phagocytosis |
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Term
| General functions of the urinary system |
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Definition
-maintains the homeostasis of body H20, pH, K, Na, Cl
-nitrogen waste
-re absorption
-filtration |
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