Term
| diastole is the _____ phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| systole is the _______ phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 phases of the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
| passive ventricular filling, atrial ejection, isovolumic contraction phase, ejection phase |
|
|
Term
| Passive Ventricular Filling: blood is flowing through what arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive Ventricular Filling: what is happening at the valves? |
|
Definition
| valves are open, blood flows from A > V |
|
|
Term
| Passive Ventricular Filling: What happens at the SA node? |
|
Definition
| SA node fires, beginning atrial depolarization only (no contraction yet) |
|
|
Term
| Passive Ventricular Filling: is the atria contracting in this phase? |
|
Definition
| no, only being depolarized |
|
|
Term
| Atrial Ejection: when does this phase begin |
|
Definition
| when enough of the atria has depolarized |
|
|
Term
| Atrial Ejection: phase begins due to enough of the atria depolarizing resulting in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrial Ejection: what is occuring electrophysiologically |
|
Definition
| impulse/depolarization is going from the SA node to the AV node |
|
|
Term
| Atrial Ejection: what happens to the rest of the blood in the atria |
|
Definition
| forced down into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| Atrial Ejection: where will the impulse begin to travel to next |
|
Definition
| bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers |
|
|
Term
| Isovolumic Contraction Phase: when does this phase begin |
|
Definition
| when impulse/depolarization actually effects bundle of His/purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| Isovolumic Contraction Phase: what state are the AV valves in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isovolumic Contraction Phase: what state are the aortic/pulmonary valves in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isovolumic Contraction Phase: the ventricles are filled with blood and what is developing within the ventricular walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isovolumic Contraction Phase: what happens to the ventricles prior to the ejection phase |
|
Definition
| ventricles begin depolarizing and contracting |
|
|
Term
| Ventricular Ejection Phase: where does the blood go |
|
Definition
| into aorta and pulmonary aa |
|
|
Term
| Ejection Phase: ventricle mm relax and enter what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during passive ventricular filling (diastole) what is the only aa in the body to have blood flow through it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what heart phase does the rest of the body's aa receive blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the SA node firing results in what wave on the EKG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the isovolumic phase is what on an EKG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ejection phase is what wave on the EKG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is preload/end diastolic pressure |
|
Definition
| amount of tension in the muscle before it contracts |
|
|
Term
| what would cause a higher preload due to an atrial effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would a large atrial contraction cause a higher pre load |
|
Definition
| more blood into the heart |
|
|
Term
| why would a high heart rate cause a lower preload? |
|
Definition
| low diastolic filling time = less blood in the heart |
|
|
Term
| why can venous return/total blood volume cause a higher preload |
|
Definition
| the more blood there is coming back/present the higher the preload |
|
|
Term
| how do the ventricles play a role in having a higher preload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is ventricular compliance important for having a higher preload |
|
Definition
| greater distension = more blood = higher preload |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| afterload/end systolic pressure |
|
Definition
| load against which the muscle exerts its contraction before teh heart contracts |
|
|
Term
| why does peripheral aa resistance influence afterload |
|
Definition
| heart has to push harder in order to get blood where it needs to go |
|
|
Term
| why does having a high stroke volume influence afterload? |
|
Definition
| heart has to push harder to get all the blood out |
|
|
Term
| why does a high end diastolic volume increase afterload? |
|
Definition
| there is extra blood in the heart that has to be pumped out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left ventricular ejection fraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EF normal ejection fraction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal ejection fraction |
|
Definition
| how much blood can the heart pump. |
|
|
Term
| what is a normal ejection fraction |
|
Definition
| 55-60% of the blood in the heart is normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac pathologies: fluid fills the pericardial, impeding distension of the chambers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac pathologies: danger of excess fluid as a result of pericardial effusion |
|
Definition
| prevents the heart from expanding and filling |
|
|
Term
| cardiac pathologies: compression of teh heart d/t pericardial effusion results in this secondary problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac pathologies: cardiac tamponade can lead to what |
|
Definition
| increased pressure within heart, poor cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| cardiac pathologies: cardiac tamponade can result in poor cardiac output, leading to what |
|
Definition
| myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, and death |
|
|
Term
| congenital heart problems can be split into what 2 disorder types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: failure to form or a narrow or smaller formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: 4 characteristics of tetralogy of fallot |
|
Definition
| ventricular septal defect, right ventricular out flow obstruction, right ventricular hypertrophy, aortic override |
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: S/S of tetralogy of fallot are dependent on what |
|
Definition
| extent of right ventricular tract obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: tetralogy of fallot: dependent on the extent of right ventricular tract obstruction what S/S can be seen |
|
Definition
| decreased pulmonary blood flow and the presence of right to left shunting, cyanosis, crying, or agitation |
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: are also known as.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: chamber disorders |
|
Definition
| atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect |
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) is a result of what? |
|
Definition
| failure of teh foramen ovale to close |
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) results in what? |
|
Definition
| oxygenated blood mixing with non oxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: aorta is not in the right position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: insuffiency disorders |
|
Definition
| non-stenotic valve disorders |
|
|
Term
| PT interventions for cardiac pathologies |
|
Definition
| watch the surgical site (positioning for comfort, and tolerance of exercise) |
|
|
Term
| congential cardiomyopathy is similar to what condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major sign of congential cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| cardiac output diminished |
|
|
Term
| How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| damage to inner most layer of heart/artery |
|
|
Term
| How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| body respond to damage and sends clotting agents, forms a plaque on the injured wall |
|
|
Term
| How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| cholesterol and fats get stuck to the plaque |
|
|
Term
| How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 4 |
|
Definition
| body responds to fat binding and responds again. fats bind to the area. repeat |
|
|
Term
| nonmodifiable CAD risk factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| modifiable CAD risk factors (8) |
|
Definition
| hypertension, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, diet, stress/anxiety, diabetes, race |
|
|
Term
| how soon can plaques begin to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substernal chest pressure, radiate to arms, legs, epigastric region, jaw |
|
|
Term
| 4 characteristics of chronic stable angina |
|
Definition
| heart rate dependent, predictable, once their HR hits threshold they get pain, activity/stress induced |
|
|
Term
| if a pt with chronic stable angina begins having angina while at rest, what should the PT do? |
|
Definition
| acquire medical attention for the pt and have them reassessed for unstable angina |
|
|
Term
| unstable angina can be a result of these 2 things |
|
Definition
| worsening of a plaque, vasoconstrictio |
|
|
Term
| unstable angina can be induced by vasoconstrction: what 2 things could cause vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| reaction to epinephrine or acetylcholine, spasm of the coronary aa |
|
|
Term
| ischemic event which may result in injury or irreversible tissue death at the myocaridum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2/3 S/S. EKG changes, symptoms, cardiac enzyme elevation |
|
|
Term
| 2 cardiac enzymes examined for MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac enzymes: when does CPK-MB elevate and peak following MI? |
|
Definition
| elevates after the heart attack, peaks at around 24 hours post |
|
|
Term
| cardiac enyzmes: when does troponin elevate, peak, and how long can it last post MI? |
|
Definition
| elevated 12 hours after MI, peaks at around 3 days, lasts up to 4 days |
|
|
Term
| MI can be classified into what 2 types |
|
Definition
| transmural, subendocardial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypokinetic, dyskinetic, akinetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased wall motion, motion of the affected atria/ventricle is decreased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unorganized wall motion, motion of the affected atria/ventricle is unorganized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important note for congestive heart failure |
|
Definition
| can start on one side and affect the other with time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral LE edema, weight gain, dyspnea, jugular vein distension (JVD) |
|
|
Term
| right CHF S/S: how much weight would need to be gained to be considered an sign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tachypnea, mouth crackles, diffuse lung crackles, orthopnea |
|
|
Term
| fluid sound in the mouth when breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difficulty breathing in supine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs that may indicated r/l sided chf include (3) |
|
Definition
| S3 heart sound, tachycardia, decreased activity tolerance |
|
|
Term
| the body's cardiopulmonary system responds to low CO by seeing it as what kind of problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the body's cardiopulmonary system responds to low CO by doing what? (4) |
|
Definition
| retain fluid, vasoconstrction to maintain blood pressure, stroke force increase (strength of contraction), heart rate increases |
|
|
Term
| the cardiopulmonary system responds to low CO by seeing it as a low blood volume responds. The body's response ultimately does what? |
|
Definition
| makes CHF worse resulting in exacerbation of the pt's CHF |
|
|
Term
| pt's with CHF also tend to have this type of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease where the contraction adn relaxation of cardiac muslces are impiared |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 basic types of cardiac myopathy |
|
Definition
| dilated, hypertrophy, restrictive |
|
|
Term
| cardiac myopathy: describe dilated cardio myopathy |
|
Definition
| similar to aneurysm, heart wall is "floppy", decreased ejection fraction, ventricle is larger which makes the muscle weaker |
|
|
Term
| cardiac myopathy: describe hypertrophy |
|
Definition
| hypercontractile left ventricle, increased myocardial O2 demand, rapid ventricular emptyhing, decreased EF. mm is stronger but makes the ventricle smaller |
|
|
Term
| describe restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| endocardial scarring that restricts heart wall distension, therefore decreased EF |
|
|
Term
| regardless of type of cardiac myopathy, there is always decreased.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything sub 60 bpm, can be dangerous if too low |
|
|
Term
| sinus tachycardia and S/S |
|
Definition
| >110 bpm, decreased stroke volume, decreased diastolic return. dizziness, light headedness, syncope, normal during exercise. heart can't fill enough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sa node is not firing consistently. can be problematic if a prolonged pause. dizziness, syncope, may need a pacemaker. |
|
|
Term
| What action of the heart results in seeing most of the P-wave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is there a .1 sec delay in conduction from the SA to the AV node? |
|
Definition
| allow atria to completely contract |
|
|
Term
| Isovolumic phase has what heart sound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what heart sound does the ejection phase have |
|
Definition
| S2 heart soud (aortic and pulmonary valves close) |
|
|
Term
| pericardial effusion can be d/t what (2) |
|
Definition
| inflammatory reaction or traumatic |
|
|
Term
| cardiac tamponade is characterized by: elevated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac tamponade is characterized by: reduced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac tamponade is characterized by: progressively limited... |
|
Definition
| ventricular diastolic filling |
|
|
Term
| cardiac tamponade is always a concern following what? |
|
Definition
| chest-sternal trauma such as a driver's chest hitting the steering wheel during an MVA |
|
|
Term
| congenital heart problems are generally related to what? |
|
Definition
| malformation of fetal heart or failure of fetal circulation communication to close |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetralogy of fallot, valve atresia, transposition of the great arteries, hypoplastic left-sided heart syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosis, coarctation of the aora, pulmonary/aortic stenosis, non-stenotic valve disorders |
|
|
Term
| PT intervention for congential anomalies |
|
Definition
| know what the anomaly is, it's progression (surgery required or will it mend on its own), and what types of restriction, activity guidelines, or incisions will be present |
|
|
Term
| Basics of PT intervention |
|
Definition
| work on endurance and developmental activities, watch surgical site for comfort/tolerance to ex |
|
|
Term
| special care for thoractomy incision |
|
Definition
| need to keep shoulder complex mobile as scar tissue and muscle damage from surgery could limit scapular movement and development |
|
|
Term
| other congenital cardiovascular disease (2) |
|
Definition
| hyperlipidemia, congenital cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| 3 acquired cardiac disorders |
|
Definition
| hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, pediatric HTN |
|
|
Term
| aging heart problems: all people have some inherent loss of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most cardiac problem in the elderly relate to what? |
|
Definition
| specific acquired disease pathology rather than aging as the primary etiology |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial ishemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most commonly etiology of CAD |
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| how many individuals die within 1 hour of acute onset of MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute ischemia can lead to lead to what (2) |
|
Definition
| ventricular fibrillation and eventually cardiac death |
|
|
Term
| what 2 interventions during an MI can improve outcomes |
|
Definition
| immediate CPR and ER intervention with anti coagulation (streptokinase or similar drug agent) |
|
|
Term
| easiest way to improve outcome of an MI |
|
Definition
| early diagnosis, prevention, intervention |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of stable angina are reduced or eliminated with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stable angina is sometimes managed with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major action of nitroglycerin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| side effect of nitroglycerin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MI EKG changes: what is elevated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MI EKG changes: what is inverted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MI EKG changes: what is significant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes present any time there is muscle injury |
|
Definition
| creatinine kinase or creatinine phosphokinase |
|
|
Term
| creatinine phosphokinase iso enzyme specific to cardiac tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac enzyme not used as often detect MI |
|
Definition
| LDH-1 (lactic dehydrogenase) |
|
|
Term
| how is lactic dehydrogeniase used to assess for MI |
|
Definition
| ratio of LDH-1: LDH-2. Greater than 1 suggest MI |
|
|
Term
| partial thickness infarct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how would a subendocardial MI present in terms of wall motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how would a subendocardial infarct present on an EKG |
|
Definition
| less changes than a transmural |
|
|
Term
| right sided CHF is initially seen as systemic edema with fluid accumulation where |
|
Definition
| abdomen (ascitis), liver, and legs |
|
|
Term
| what can CHF be caused by? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary HTN, right ventricular infarct |
|
|
Term
| what can L CHF be caused by |
|
Definition
| resistance from systemic HTN, MV or LV dysfunction secondary to cardiomyopathy or infarct |
|
|
Term
| how is L chf initially seen as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does 1 sided CHF eventually affect the other side of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary concern of R and L CHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical intervention for CHF includes: control of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical intervention for CHF includes: reducing |
|
Definition
| vascular pressure and excess fluid to decrese workload on heart |
|
|
Term
| d/t the relationship of the heart and lungs, any significant chronic or acute pulmonary problem will result in what |
|
Definition
| eventual strain on the heart |
|
|
Term
| hypertrophy of what is a concern when chronic left-sided CHF is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest cardiac muscle mass with subsequently high O2 consumption needs, making it increasingly vulnerable to ischemic attack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral changes with CHF: muscle fiber changes |
|
Definition
| decreased type 1 fibers so decreased endurance |
|
|
Term
| peripheral changes with CHF: atrophy of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral changes with CHF: decreased... |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle blood flow so decreased ability to work |
|
|
Term
| peripheral changes with CHF: impaired skeletal muscle metabolism resulting in what |
|
Definition
| decreased ability to break down O2 for use |
|
|
Term
| cardiomyopathy may be the result of a progression of what |
|
Definition
| fibrous invasion of the cardiac tissue as a result of MI or systemic collagen disorder |
|
|
Term
| cardiomyopathy can be a result of what dysfunction / etiology (2) |
|
Definition
| immune dysfunction, unknown(idiopathic) etiology |
|
|
Term
| cardiomyotpahy can be secondary to what problems? |
|
Definition
| problems in neurotransmission |
|
|
Term
| fluid leaking from teh pulmonary and lymphatic systems interstitially and into the alveoli creating a barrier making gas exchange between capillaries and alveoli more difficult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the heart as a result of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
| heart has to work harder to gain sufficient levels of O2 |
|
|
Term
| Why are O2 levels affected most during pulmonary edema? |
|
Definition
| CO2 is more soluble than O2 |
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: vascular elasticity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: left ventricular changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: adrenergic responsiveness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: rate of calcium pumped by the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: time to peak fore of cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: cardiac muscle twitch force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: rate of ATP hydrolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: myosin ATP-ase activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: dysfunction of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging: lean body mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: decreased vascular elasticity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: left ventricular hypertrophy |
|
Definition
| decreased ventricular compliance |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: decresed adrenergic responsivness |
|
Definition
| decreased exercise heart rate |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: decreased rate of caclium pumped by the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| prolonged time for cardiac muscle relaxation |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: prolonged time to peak force of cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| prolonged contraction time of cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: decreased cardiac muscle twitch force |
|
Definition
| reduction in the velocity of the cardiac muscle shortening |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: decreased rate of ATP hydrolysis |
|
Definition
| reduction in the velocity of the cardiac muscle shortening |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: decresed myosin ATP-ase activity |
|
Definition
| reduction in teh velocity of the cardiac muscle shortening |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: diastolic dysfunction |
|
Definition
| impaired ventricular filling with potential to increase cardiac preload and CHF |
|
|
Term
| effect of change due to aging: decreased lead body mass |
|
Definition
| decreased mm strength and peak O2 consumption |
|
|
Term
| electrocardiogram is a recording of what |
|
Definition
| electrical activity (electrical potential differences -PD) at the body's surface |
|
|
Term
| The EKG is the reflection of the difference in potential between what? |
|
Definition
| excited and unexcited regions of the heart |
|
|
Term
| deflectoins in EKG patterns are a function of (4) |
|
Definition
| muscular polarity, size of mass, orientation of mass, electrical pathway |
|
|
Term
| the EKG represents a summation of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basis for the placement of the standard leads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead I measures PD between what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead II measures PD between what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead III measures PD between what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the unipolar augemented leads abbreviations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the unipolar augmented leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) represent the differences between what? |
|
Definition
| positive lead and the average between the other 2 leads |
|
|
Term
| The six limb leads intersect how in the frontal plane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the abbreviations for the 6 chest/precordial leads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the 6 chest/precordial leads organized? |
|
Definition
| right from left along the heart borders |
|
|
Term
| what becomes increasingly more positive across the chest/precordial leads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what serves as the ground lead? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lead location of abnormal readings is an indicaiton of what? |
|
Definition
| locaiton of the dysfunction in myocardial electrical activity associated with ischemia and infarct |
|
|
Term
| Basic interpretation questions of EKG (5) |
|
Definition
| what is the rate? what is the rhythm? are there P waves? what is the duration and configuration of the QRS complex, evaluation of PR interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each darker black line is worth how many small lines? represents how much time? |
|
Definition
| 5 small lines. .2 secs of time |
|
|
Term
| each small line represents how much time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular ejection phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarizaiton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization |
|
|
Term
| ST depression (- deflection) causes (2) |
|
Definition
| acute subendocardial ischemia/MI, non Q wave MI, or old MI |
|
|
Term
| ST elevation (+ deflection) causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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| if the QRS complex is greater than 35 mm indicates what? |
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| significant ventricular hypertrophy |
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| R-R interval indicates what |
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| normal rhythm if interval difference between longest and shortest duration is within .12 seconds |
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| Significant Q wave if amplitude is greater than _____ and/or duration longer than... |
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| 1/3 of R wave, .1 seconds |
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| criteria to be considered bradycardia |
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| heart beat after a sinus pause is called what |
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| describe a paraoxysmal atrial tachycardia |
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| normal QRS complex, >110 BPM, segment between T and P mesh together but still look semi normal |
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| P wave takes on a 3-4 "sawtooth" appearance between normal QRS complexes |
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| describe atrial fibrillation (a-FIB) |
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| QRST present, p wave minimal/absent, "skipped" beats, regular appearance otherwise. Inconsistent, irregular RR intervals with absence of true P waves |
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| PQRST present and normal, skipped beat between |
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| decreased SV, decreased diastolic return, dizziness, lightheadedness, syncope. heart can't fill enough |
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| when is tachycardia normal? |
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| SA not firing consistently |
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| when can i sinus pause be problematic |
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| potential intervention for a sinus pause |
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| what can paroxysmal atrial tachycardia be caused by |
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