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Cardio Lecture and Lab 2
Lecture and Lab 2
240
Medical
Graduate
09/07/2015

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Cards

Term
diastole is the _____ phase
Definition
filling
Term
systole is the _______ phase
Definition
ejection
Term
4 phases of the cardiac cycle
Definition
passive ventricular filling, atrial ejection, isovolumic contraction phase, ejection phase
Term
Passive Ventricular Filling: blood is flowing through what arteries
Definition
coronary
Term
Passive Ventricular Filling: what is happening at the valves?
Definition
valves are open, blood flows from A > V
Term
Passive Ventricular Filling: What happens at the SA node?
Definition
SA node fires, beginning atrial depolarization only (no contraction yet)
Term
Passive Ventricular Filling: is the atria contracting in this phase?
Definition
no, only being depolarized
Term
Atrial Ejection: when does this phase begin
Definition
when enough of the atria has depolarized
Term
Atrial Ejection: phase begins due to enough of the atria depolarizing resulting in what
Definition
atrial contraction
Term
Atrial Ejection: what is occuring electrophysiologically
Definition
impulse/depolarization is going from the SA node to the AV node
Term
Atrial Ejection: what happens to the rest of the blood in the atria
Definition
forced down into the ventricles
Term
Atrial Ejection: where will the impulse begin to travel to next
Definition
bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers
Term
Isovolumic Contraction Phase: when does this phase begin
Definition
when impulse/depolarization actually effects bundle of His/purkinje fibers
Term
Isovolumic Contraction Phase: what state are the AV valves in?
Definition
closed
Term
Isovolumic Contraction Phase: what state are the aortic/pulmonary valves in?
Definition
not open yet
Term
Isovolumic Contraction Phase: the ventricles are filled with blood and what is developing within the ventricular walls
Definition
tension
Term
Isovolumic Contraction Phase: what happens to the ventricles prior to the ejection phase
Definition
ventricles begin depolarizing and contracting
Term
Ventricular Ejection Phase: where does the blood go
Definition
into aorta and pulmonary aa
Term
Ejection Phase: ventricle mm relax and enter what?
Definition
diastole
Term
during passive ventricular filling (diastole) what is the only aa in the body to have blood flow through it
Definition
coronary aa
Term
what heart phase does the rest of the body's aa receive blood?
Definition
systole
Term
the SA node firing results in what wave on the EKG?
Definition
P wave
Term
the isovolumic phase is what on an EKG?
Definition
QRS spike
Term
the ejection phase is what wave on the EKG?
Definition
T wave
Term
preload aka...
Definition
end disastolic pressure
Term
what is preload/end diastolic pressure
Definition
amount of tension in the muscle before it contracts
Term
what would cause a higher preload due to an atrial effect?
Definition
large atrial contraction
Term
why would a large atrial contraction cause a higher pre load
Definition
more blood into the heart
Term
why would a high heart rate cause a lower preload?
Definition
low diastolic filling time = less blood in the heart
Term
why can venous return/total blood volume cause a higher preload
Definition
the more blood there is coming back/present the higher the preload
Term
how do the ventricles play a role in having a higher preload
Definition
ventricular compliance
Term
why is ventricular compliance important for having a higher preload
Definition
greater distension = more blood = higher preload
Term
afterload aka
Definition
end systolic pressure
Term
afterload/end systolic pressure
Definition
load against which the muscle exerts its contraction before teh heart contracts
Term
why does peripheral aa resistance influence afterload
Definition
heart has to push harder in order to get blood where it needs to go
Term
why does having a high stroke volume influence afterload?
Definition
heart has to push harder to get all the blood out
Term
why does a high end diastolic volume increase afterload?
Definition
there is extra blood in the heart that has to be pumped out
Term
LVEF
Definition
left ventricular ejection fraction
Term
LVEF aka
Definition
EF normal ejection fraction.
Term
What is the normal ejection fraction
Definition
how much blood can the heart pump.
Term
what is a normal ejection fraction
Definition
55-60% of the blood in the heart is normal
Term
typical exercise EF
Definition
75-80%
Term
cardiac pathologies: fluid fills the pericardial, impeding distension of the chambers
Definition
pericardial effusion
Term
cardiac pathologies: danger of excess fluid as a result of pericardial effusion
Definition
prevents the heart from expanding and filling
Term
cardiac pathologies: compression of teh heart d/t pericardial effusion results in this secondary problem
Definition
cardiac tamponade
Term
cardiac pathologies: cardiac tamponade can lead to what
Definition
increased pressure within heart, poor cardiac output
Term
cardiac pathologies: cardiac tamponade can result in poor cardiac output, leading to what
Definition
myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, and death
Term
congenital heart problems can be split into what 2 disorder types?
Definition
cyanoitc, acyanotic
Term
Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: failure to form or a narrow or smaller formation
Definition
atresia
Term
Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: 4 characteristics of tetralogy of fallot
Definition
ventricular septal defect, right ventricular out flow obstruction, right ventricular hypertrophy, aortic override
Term
Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: S/S of tetralogy of fallot are dependent on what
Definition
extent of right ventricular tract obstruction
Term
Congential Heart Problems: Cyanotic Disorders: tetralogy of fallot: dependent on the extent of right ventricular tract obstruction what S/S can be seen
Definition
decreased pulmonary blood flow and the presence of right to left shunting, cyanosis, crying, or agitation
Term
Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: are also known as....
Definition
septal defects
Term
Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: chamber disorders
Definition
atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect
Term
Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) is a result of what?
Definition
failure of teh foramen ovale to close
Term
Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) results in what?
Definition
oxygenated blood mixing with non oxygenated blood
Term
Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: aorta is not in the right position
Definition
coarctation of the aorta
Term
Congential Heart Problems: acyanotic Disorders: insuffiency disorders
Definition
non-stenotic valve disorders
Term
PT interventions for cardiac pathologies
Definition
watch the surgical site (positioning for comfort, and tolerance of exercise)
Term
congential cardiomyopathy is similar to what condition
Definition
congestive heart failure
Term
major sign of congential cardiomyopathy
Definition
cardiac output diminished
Term
How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 1
Definition
damage to inner most layer of heart/artery
Term
How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 2
Definition
body respond to damage and sends clotting agents, forms a plaque on the injured wall
Term
How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 3
Definition
cholesterol and fats get stuck to the plaque
Term
How does atherosclerosis occur: Step 4
Definition
body responds to fat binding and responds again. fats bind to the area. repeat
Term
nonmodifiable CAD risk factors
Definition
age, gender, heredity
Term
modifiable CAD risk factors (8)
Definition
hypertension, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, diet, stress/anxiety, diabetes, race
Term
how soon can plaques begin to form?
Definition
at 2 years old
Term
major symptoms of agina
Definition
substernal chest pressure, radiate to arms, legs, epigastric region, jaw
Term
4 characteristics of chronic stable angina
Definition
heart rate dependent, predictable, once their HR hits threshold they get pain, activity/stress induced
Term
if a pt with chronic stable angina begins having angina while at rest, what should the PT do?
Definition
acquire medical attention for the pt and have them reassessed for unstable angina
Term
unstable angina can be a result of these 2 things
Definition
worsening of a plaque, vasoconstrictio
Term
unstable angina can be induced by vasoconstrction: what 2 things could cause vasoconstriction
Definition
reaction to epinephrine or acetylcholine, spasm of the coronary aa
Term
ischemic event which may result in injury or irreversible tissue death at the myocaridum
Definition
myocardial infarction
Term
how is MI R/I or R/O?
Definition
2/3 S/S. EKG changes, symptoms, cardiac enzyme elevation
Term
2 cardiac enzymes examined for MI
Definition
CPK-MB, Troponin
Term
Cardiac enzymes: when does CPK-MB elevate and peak following MI?
Definition
elevates after the heart attack, peaks at around 24 hours post
Term
cardiac enyzmes: when does troponin elevate, peak, and how long can it last post MI?
Definition
elevated 12 hours after MI, peaks at around 3 days, lasts up to 4 days
Term
MI can be classified into what 2 types
Definition
transmural, subendocardial
Term
3 types of transmural MI
Definition
hypokinetic, dyskinetic, akinetic
Term
S/S of hypokinetic MI
Definition
decreased wall motion, motion of the affected atria/ventricle is decreased
Term
dyskinetic MI S/S
Definition
unorganized wall motion, motion of the affected atria/ventricle is unorganized
Term
akinetic MI S/S
Definition
absent wall motion
Term
important note for congestive heart failure
Definition
can start on one side and affect the other with time
Term
S/S Right CHF (4)
Definition
peripheral LE edema, weight gain, dyspnea, jugular vein distension (JVD)
Term
right CHF S/S: how much weight would need to be gained to be considered an sign?
Definition
3-5+ lbs in a day
Term
S/S left CHF (4)
Definition
tachypnea, mouth crackles, diffuse lung crackles, orthopnea
Term
fluid sound in the mouth when breathing
Definition
mouth crackles
Term
difficulty breathing in supine
Definition
orthopnea
Term
signs that may indicated r/l sided chf include (3)
Definition
S3 heart sound, tachycardia, decreased activity tolerance
Term
the body's cardiopulmonary system responds to low CO by seeing it as what kind of problem?
Definition
low blood volume problem
Term
the body's cardiopulmonary system responds to low CO by doing what? (4)
Definition
retain fluid, vasoconstrction to maintain blood pressure, stroke force increase (strength of contraction), heart rate increases
Term
the cardiopulmonary system responds to low CO by seeing it as a low blood volume responds. The body's response ultimately does what?
Definition
makes CHF worse resulting in exacerbation of the pt's CHF
Term
pt's with CHF also tend to have this type of disease
Definition
lung disease
Term
disease where the contraction adn relaxation of cardiac muslces are impiared
Definition
cardiac myopathy
Term
3 basic types of cardiac myopathy
Definition
dilated, hypertrophy, restrictive
Term
cardiac myopathy: describe dilated cardio myopathy
Definition
similar to aneurysm, heart wall is "floppy", decreased ejection fraction, ventricle is larger which makes the muscle weaker
Term
cardiac myopathy: describe hypertrophy
Definition
hypercontractile left ventricle, increased myocardial O2 demand, rapid ventricular emptyhing, decreased EF. mm is stronger but makes the ventricle smaller
Term
describe restrictive cardiomyopathy
Definition
endocardial scarring that restricts heart wall distension, therefore decreased EF
Term
regardless of type of cardiac myopathy, there is always decreased....
Definition
ejection fraction
Term
normal sinus rhythm
Definition
60-100 BPM
Term
sinus bradycardia
Definition
anything sub 60 bpm, can be dangerous if too low
Term
sinus tachycardia and S/S
Definition
>110 bpm, decreased stroke volume, decreased diastolic return. dizziness, light headedness, syncope, normal during exercise. heart can't fill enough
Term
Sinus pause and S/S
Definition
sa node is not firing consistently. can be problematic if a prolonged pause. dizziness, syncope, may need a pacemaker.
Term
What action of the heart results in seeing most of the P-wave
Definition
atria contracts
Term
why is there a .1 sec delay in conduction from the SA to the AV node?
Definition
allow atria to completely contract
Term
Isovolumic phase has what heart sound?
Definition
S1 (AV valves close)
Term
what heart sound does the ejection phase have
Definition
S2 heart soud (aortic and pulmonary valves close)
Term
pericardial effusion can be d/t what (2)
Definition
inflammatory reaction or traumatic
Term
cardiac tamponade is characterized by: elevated
Definition
intracardiac pressure
Term
cardiac tamponade is characterized by: reduced
Definition
stroke volume
Term
cardiac tamponade is characterized by: progressively limited...
Definition
ventricular diastolic filling
Term
cardiac tamponade is always a concern following what?
Definition
chest-sternal trauma such as a driver's chest hitting the steering wheel during an MVA
Term
congenital heart problems are generally related to what?
Definition
malformation of fetal heart or failure of fetal circulation communication to close
Term
cyanotic disorders (4)
Definition
tetralogy of fallot, valve atresia, transposition of the great arteries, hypoplastic left-sided heart syndrome
Term
acyanotic disorders (6)
Definition
atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosis, coarctation of the aora, pulmonary/aortic stenosis, non-stenotic valve disorders
Term
PT intervention for congential anomalies
Definition
know what the anomaly is, it's progression (surgery required or will it mend on its own), and what types of restriction, activity guidelines, or incisions will be present
Term
Basics of PT intervention
Definition
work on endurance and developmental activities, watch surgical site for comfort/tolerance to ex
Term
special care for thoractomy incision
Definition
need to keep shoulder complex mobile as scar tissue and muscle damage from surgery could limit scapular movement and development
Term
other congenital cardiovascular disease (2)
Definition
hyperlipidemia, congenital cardiomyopathy
Term
3 acquired cardiac disorders
Definition
hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, pediatric HTN
Term
aging heart problems: all people have some inherent loss of?
Definition
ejection fraction
Term
most cardiac problem in the elderly relate to what?
Definition
specific acquired disease pathology rather than aging as the primary etiology
Term
clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial ishemia
Definition
coronary artery disaese
Term
most commonly etiology of CAD
Definition
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
Term
how many individuals die within 1 hour of acute onset of MI
Definition
20%-25%
Term
acute ischemia can lead to lead to what (2)
Definition
ventricular fibrillation and eventually cardiac death
Term
what 2 interventions during an MI can improve outcomes
Definition
immediate CPR and ER intervention with anti coagulation (streptokinase or similar drug agent)
Term
easiest way to improve outcome of an MI
Definition
early diagnosis, prevention, intervention
Term
symptoms of stable angina are reduced or eliminated with what
Definition
decrease in activity
Term
stable angina is sometimes managed with what?
Definition
nitroglycerine
Term
major action of nitroglycerin
Definition
arterial vasodilation
Term
side effect of nitroglycerin
Definition
ischemic head ache
Term
MI EKG changes: what is elevated?
Definition
S-T segment
Term
MI EKG changes: what is inverted
Definition
T wave
Term
MI EKG changes: what is significant?
Definition
Q wave
Term
enzymes present any time there is muscle injury
Definition
creatinine kinase or creatinine phosphokinase
Term
creatinine phosphokinase iso enzyme specific to cardiac tissue
Definition
MB
Term
cardiac enzyme not used as often detect MI
Definition
LDH-1 (lactic dehydrogenase)
Term
how is lactic dehydrogeniase used to assess for MI
Definition
ratio of LDH-1: LDH-2. Greater than 1 suggest MI
Term
partial thickness infarct
Definition
subendocardial
Term
how would a subendocardial MI present in terms of wall motion
Definition
may appear normal
Term
how would a subendocardial infarct present on an EKG
Definition
less changes than a transmural
Term
right sided CHF is initially seen as systemic edema with fluid accumulation where
Definition
abdomen (ascitis), liver, and legs
Term
what can CHF be caused by?
Definition
pulmonary HTN, right ventricular infarct
Term
what can L CHF be caused by
Definition
resistance from systemic HTN, MV or LV dysfunction secondary to cardiomyopathy or infarct
Term
how is L chf initially seen as
Definition
pulmonary edema
Term
how does 1 sided CHF eventually affect the other side of the heart?
Definition
retrograde progression
Term
primary concern of R and L CHF
Definition
low cardiac output
Term
medical intervention for CHF includes: control of
Definition
stroke force
Term
medical intervention for CHF includes: reducing
Definition
vascular pressure and excess fluid to decrese workload on heart
Term
d/t the relationship of the heart and lungs, any significant chronic or acute pulmonary problem will result in what
Definition
eventual strain on the heart
Term
hypertrophy of what is a concern when chronic left-sided CHF is present
Definition
left ventricular wall
Term
largest cardiac muscle mass with subsequently high O2 consumption needs, making it increasingly vulnerable to ischemic attack
Definition
left ventricle
Term
peripheral changes with CHF: muscle fiber changes
Definition
decreased type 1 fibers so decreased endurance
Term
peripheral changes with CHF: atrophy of...
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
peripheral changes with CHF: decreased...
Definition
skeletal muscle blood flow so decreased ability to work
Term
peripheral changes with CHF: impaired skeletal muscle metabolism resulting in what
Definition
decreased ability to break down O2 for use
Term
cardiomyopathy may be the result of a progression of what
Definition
fibrous invasion of the cardiac tissue as a result of MI or systemic collagen disorder
Term
cardiomyopathy can be a result of what dysfunction / etiology (2)
Definition
immune dysfunction, unknown(idiopathic) etiology
Term
cardiomyotpahy can be secondary to what problems?
Definition
problems in neurotransmission
Term
fluid leaking from teh pulmonary and lymphatic systems interstitially and into the alveoli creating a barrier making gas exchange between capillaries and alveoli more difficult
Definition
pulmonary edema
Term
what happens to the heart as a result of pulmonary edema
Definition
heart has to work harder to gain sufficient levels of O2
Term
Why are O2 levels affected most during pulmonary edema?
Definition
CO2 is more soluble than O2
Term
changes due to aging: vascular elasticity
Definition
decreased
Term
changes due to aging: left ventricular changes
Definition
hypertrophy
Term
changes due to aging: adrenergic responsiveness
Definition
decreased
Term
changes due to aging: rate of calcium pumped by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
decreased
Term
changes due to aging: time to peak fore of cardiac muscle
Definition
prolonged
Term
changes due to aging: cardiac muscle twitch force
Definition
decreased
Term
changes due to aging: rate of ATP hydrolysis
Definition
decreased
Term
changes due to aging: myosin ATP-ase activity
Definition
decreased
Term
changes due to aging: dysfunction of what?
Definition
diastole
Term
changes due to aging: lean body mass
Definition
decreased
Term
effect of change due to aging: decreased vascular elasticity
Definition
increased blood pressure
Term
effect of change due to aging: left ventricular hypertrophy
Definition
decreased ventricular compliance
Term
effect of change due to aging: decresed adrenergic responsivness
Definition
decreased exercise heart rate
Term
effect of change due to aging: decreased rate of caclium pumped by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
prolonged time for cardiac muscle relaxation
Term
effect of change due to aging: prolonged time to peak force of cardiac muscle
Definition
prolonged contraction time of cardiac muscle
Term
effect of change due to aging: decreased cardiac muscle twitch force
Definition
reduction in the velocity of the cardiac muscle shortening
Term
effect of change due to aging: decreased rate of ATP hydrolysis
Definition
reduction in the velocity of the cardiac muscle shortening
Term
effect of change due to aging: decresed myosin ATP-ase activity
Definition
reduction in teh velocity of the cardiac muscle shortening
Term
effect of change due to aging: diastolic dysfunction
Definition
impaired ventricular filling with potential to increase cardiac preload and CHF
Term
effect of change due to aging: decreased lead body mass
Definition
decreased mm strength and peak O2 consumption
Term
electrocardiogram is a recording of what
Definition
electrical activity (electrical potential differences -PD) at the body's surface
Term
The EKG is the reflection of the difference in potential between what?
Definition
excited and unexcited regions of the heart
Term
deflectoins in EKG patterns are a function of (4)
Definition
muscular polarity, size of mass, orientation of mass, electrical pathway
Term
the EKG represents a summation of what
Definition
many dipoles
Term
What is the basis for the placement of the standard leads
Definition
Einthoven's triangle
Term
Which leads are bipolar?
Definition
Lead I-Lead III
Term
Lead I measures PD between what
Definition
right and left arm
Term
Lead II measures PD between what
Definition
right arm and left leg
Term
Lead III measures PD between what
Definition
left arm and left leg
Term
what are the unipolar augemented leads abbreviations
Definition
aVR, aVL, aVF
Term
the unipolar augmented leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) represent the differences between what?
Definition
positive lead and the average between the other 2 leads
Term
The six limb leads intersect how in the frontal plane?
Definition
30 degree angles
Term
6 chest leads aka
Definition
precordial leads
Term
what are the abbreviations for the 6 chest/precordial leads?
Definition
V1-V6
Term
How are the 6 chest/precordial leads organized?
Definition
right from left along the heart borders
Term
what becomes increasingly more positive across the chest/precordial leads
Definition
QRS complex
Term
what serves as the ground lead?
Definition
right leg
Term
the lead location of abnormal readings is an indicaiton of what?
Definition
locaiton of the dysfunction in myocardial electrical activity associated with ischemia and infarct
Term
Basic interpretation questions of EKG (5)
Definition
what is the rate? what is the rhythm? are there P waves? what is the duration and configuration of the QRS complex, evaluation of PR interval
Term
P-R interval duration
Definition
.12-.2 seconds
Term
QRS complex duration
Definition
.04-.10 seconds
Term
Q-T interval duration
Definition
.32-.40 seconds
Term
each darker black line is worth how many small lines? represents how much time?
Definition
5 small lines. .2 secs of time
Term
each small line represents how much time
Definition
.04 seconds
Term
P wave event
Definition
firing of SA node
Term
QRS event
Definition
isovolumic phase
Term
T wave event
Definition
ventricular ejection phase
Term
P-R interval
Definition
time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarizaiton
Term
ST segment
Definition
interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
Term
ST depression (- deflection) causes (2)
Definition
acute subendocardial ischemia/MI, non Q wave MI, or old MI
Term
ST elevation (+ deflection) causes
Definition
acute full thickness MI
Term
P wave duration
Definition
.08-.12 seconds
Term
P wave amplitude
Definition
1-3 mm
Term
P-R interval amplitude
Definition
isoelectric
Term
QRS complex amplitude
Definition
25-30 mm max
Term
if the QRS complex is greater than 35 mm indicates what?
Definition
significant ventricular hypertrophy
Term
ST segment duration
Definition
.12 seconds
Term
ST segment amplitude
Definition
-.5 to +1 mm
Term
T wave duration
Definition
.16 seconds
Term
T wave amplitude
Definition
5-10 mm
Term
R-R interval indicates what
Definition
normal rhythm if interval difference between longest and shortest duration is within .12 seconds
Term
Significant Q wave if amplitude is greater than _____ and/or duration longer than...
Definition
1/3 of R wave, .1 seconds
Term
criteria to be considered bradycardia
Definition
<60 BPM
Term
criteria for tachycardia
Definition
>110 bpm
Term
heart beat after a sinus pause is called what
Definition
escape beat
Term
describe a paraoxysmal atrial tachycardia
Definition
normal QRS complex, >110 BPM, segment between T and P mesh together but still look semi normal
Term
describe atrial flutter
Definition
P wave takes on a 3-4 "sawtooth" appearance between normal QRS complexes
Term
describe atrial fibrillation (a-FIB)
Definition
QRST present, p wave minimal/absent, "skipped" beats, regular appearance otherwise. Inconsistent, irregular RR intervals with absence of true P waves
Term
describe a sinus pause
Definition
PQRST present and normal, skipped beat between
Term
S/S of tachycardia (5)
Definition
decreased SV, decreased diastolic return, dizziness, lightheadedness, syncope. heart can't fill enough
Term
when is tachycardia normal?
Definition
during exercise
Term
what is sinus pause d/t?
Definition
SA not firing consistently
Term
when can i sinus pause be problematic
Definition
if a prolonged pause
Term
s/s of a sinus pause
Definition
dizziness, syncope
Term
potential intervention for a sinus pause
Definition
pacemaker
Term
what can paroxysmal atrial tachycardia be caused by
Definition
digitalis toxicity
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