Term
| Chambers of the heart (4) |
|
Definition
| left and right atria, left and right ventricles |
|
|
Term
| route of pulmonary circulation |
|
Definition
| right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary valve, aortic valve |
|
|
Term
| valve separating right atria and right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| valve separating the left atria and ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pulmonary valve seperates what |
|
Definition
| right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the aortic valve separate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main left coronary arteries |
|
Definition
| left coronary, left anterior descending, left circumflex |
|
|
Term
| what is the main right coronary arteriy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What begins the depolarization of the cardiac muscle for a contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the SA node lcoated |
|
Definition
| right atria, near the surface of the heart |
|
|
Term
| Where does the impulse from the SA node travel to next |
|
Definition
| AV node and Bachman's Branch |
|
|
Term
| The electrical impulse from the AV node travels to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The impulse travels from teh Bundle of His to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the bundle of his |
|
Definition
| activate left and right ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of Bachman's Branch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of pressure in making heart valves function |
|
Definition
| pressure makes the valves open |
|
|
Term
| what makes heart valves close |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what keeps heart valves closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 grades of strength for pulse |
|
Definition
| excessively strong, strong, thready or week |
|
|
Term
| 5 areas to check for pulse |
|
Definition
| carotid, radial, femoral, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis |
|
|
Term
| how long should HR be checked for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should HR be only checked for 10 seconds |
|
Definition
| extra 50 seconds will result in a greater rest period for teh heart rate to slow down in. Makes an inaccurate reading |
|
|
Term
| How should the arm be positioned to check BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should a non-standard BP cuff be used (4) |
|
Definition
| kids, obesity, body builders, smaller adults |
|
|
Term
| where else can the BP cuff be used if the brachial artery cannot be used (d/t medical lines say) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the BP cuff is placed on the forearm, what is the listening point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the BP cuff is placed on the quad, what is the listening point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the cuff is placed on teh gastrocnemius, what is the listening point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for BP readings, what is the age range for an infant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the age range for a child for BP |
|
Definition
| 3-11/13 (Depends on size of child) |
|
|
Term
| Why do children's/infant's hearts beat faster |
|
Definition
| smaller heart volume so they can't fill as much |
|
|
Term
| Why are children's/infant's BP so low? |
|
Definition
| hearts are simply not big enough yet |
|
|
Term
| Why are infant's BP so low compared to children even? |
|
Definition
| infant's cannot maintain an upright position so the heart only has to work so hard to keep blood flowing in a supine position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| O2 sats for any healthy population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leg systolic pressure/brachial systolic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multi level disease (systemic problems) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemic pain at rest (possible tissue necrosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artifical nails, some nail polish, poor circulation, material (gloves, gauze) |
|
|
Term
| stethoscope placement for auscultation of the aortic area |
|
Definition
| 2nd intercostal space close to right sternal border |
|
|
Term
| stethoscope placement for auscultation of the pulmonic area |
|
Definition
| 2nd intercostal space clsoe to left sternal border |
|
|
Term
| stethoscope placement for auscultation of the tricuspid area |
|
Definition
| 4th/5th left intercostal space by sternal border |
|
|
Term
| stethoscope placement for auscultation of the mitral area |
|
Definition
| 5th left intercostal space near mid-clavicular line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the S1 sound a result of |
|
Definition
| closure of mitral and tricuspid valves |
|
|
Term
| where is the S1 sound loudest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aortic and pulmonic areas |
|
|
Term
| what is the S2 sound a result of |
|
Definition
| closure of aortic and pulmonic valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient lying on left side, loudest at apex |
|
|
Term
| the S3 sound is normal in what population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hearing the S3 sound is indicative of what |
|
Definition
| pathology: ventricular insufficiency or CHF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the S4 heart sound is heard best how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S4 sound is a result of what |
|
Definition
| increased resistance to ventricular filling often found after MI or bypass |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of assessing sternal stability |
|
Definition
| to see if the 2 halves of the sternum are moving unevenly or if there is a sensation of clicking when the pt moves their arms/trunk |
|
|
Term
| 7 assessments of peripheral vascular circulation |
|
Definition
| comparison of pedal pulse symmetry, capillary refill, claudication time, homan's sign, modified ABI, clubbing of fingers, S/S of intolerance to activity |
|
|
Term
| 2 circulatory tests to assess peripheral vascular constriction |
|
Definition
| capillary refill, claudcation time |
|
|
Term
| how is capillary refill assessed |
|
Definition
| depress center of nail bed then quickly release and time return to normal pink color |
|
|
Term
| how is claudication time assessed |
|
Definition
| have pt ambulate til pain sets in |
|
|
Term
| which venous peripheral vascular circulation test is considered crap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| term describing how much O2 is bonded to hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary function of the Cardiovascular system (SIMPLE) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary function of the cardiovascular system (general) [5] |
|
Definition
| supply O2, nutrients, clear waste and CO2, transport deoxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
| only set of mm fibres that can contract on their own without nervous system control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular system also helps maintain this balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the force of the heart's contraction is assisted by these 3 things |
|
Definition
| arterial recoil during diastole (heart at rest), skeletal compression veins during exercise, negative thoracic pressure during inspiration |
|
|
Term
| describe orthostatic hypovolumic shock |
|
Definition
| bp does not recover from orthostatic hypotension when pt is position into supine |
|
|
Term
| purpose of the mediastinum |
|
Definition
| holds the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, thymus and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| position of the heart in the thoracic cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the portion of the heart opposite the apex. It is superior and medially located. It forms the upper border of the heart, lies just below the second rib, and primarily involves the left atrium, part of the right atrium, and the proximal portions of the great vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral wall of the heart |
|
Definition
The lateral wall is generally considered to include the wall of the right atrium from the ostia of the superior and inferior vena cava anteriorly to the ostium of the right appendage or auricle
http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/right-atrium/lateral-wall/index.shtml |
|
|
Term
| 4 layers of cardiac tissue |
|
Definition
| endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium |
|
|
Term
| the endocardium of teh heart is made up of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myocardium is made up of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner layer of the pericardium |
|
|
Term
| what is the epicardium made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the peridcardium made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hole in developing heart that normally closes in neonatal period, becomes what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the foramen ovale becomes what as the person gets older |
|
Definition
| sulcus in the interseptal wall |
|
|
Term
| valvular dysfunction which can be compared to a door that sticks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the valve due to stensosi |
|
Definition
| narrowed valve that is stiff, or rigid and difficult to open |
|
|
Term
| what happens as a result of valvular stensosi |
|
Definition
| hypertrophy of the muscle chamber that is emptying |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of vavular dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the valve during vavular insuffiency |
|
Definition
| loss of patency (the valve doesn't fully close0 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the heart as a result of valvular insuffiency |
|
Definition
| regurgitation, dilation of the emptying chamber |
|
|
Term
| both types of vavular dysfunction impair what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the valvular dysfunction is severe enough, what is usually indicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right coronary artery supplies blood to what (5) |
|
Definition
| right atrium and ventricle, SA node, AV node, Bundle of His |
|
|
Term
| right coronary artery supplies blood to the SA node to what percentage of teh population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the left coronary artery branches into these 2 arteries |
|
Definition
| left anterior descending, left circumflex |
|
|
Term
| Left anterior descending artery supplies what 4 structures |
|
Definition
| left and part of teh right ventricle, interventricular septum, in most people the apex of both ventricles |
|
|
Term
| the left circumflex supplies what 3 structures |
|
Definition
| left ventricle, left atrium, SA node |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 structures that CAN supply the SA node |
|
Definition
| left circumflex and right coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| the left circumflex coronary artery supplies the SA node for what % of the population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which artery supplies the SA node for a greater proportion of the population, LEX, or RCA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the SA node is in charge what is the HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the AV node is in charge what is the HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the Purkinje system is in charge what is the HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mediation of the strength and rate of heart rate contraction is mediated by what (general) |
|
Definition
| intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors |
|
|
Term
| what are the intrinsic factors that mediate the strength and rate of contraction of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of inotropes (inotropic effect) |
|
Definition
| change amount of force of heart contraction |
|
|
Term
| role of chorontropes (chronotropic effects) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which system of the ANS has a (+) inotropic and chronotropic effect |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| which system of the ANS has a (-) inotropic and chronotropic effect on the ehart |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| SNS inotropic effect on the heart |
|
Definition
| increase strength of the contraction |
|
|
Term
| SNS chronotropic effect on the herat |
|
Definition
| response and speed to maximal output |
|
|
Term
| in the SNS which effect has the greatest influence on the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which beta receptors have the most impact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta 1 and beta 2 receptors recieve what hormones |
|
Definition
| epinephrine, norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscles of vascular beds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS: CN that keeps HR lower at rest and speeds up recovery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inotropic effect of the PNS |
|
Definition
| decrease strength of the atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
| chronotropic effect of the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the PNS have an overall (-) ino/chronotropic effect on the heart |
|
Definition
| slows conduction through the AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenergic synapses to regulate release of norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| circulating catecholamines of the body |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as a whole, catecholamines increase strength of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| baroreceptors, starling effect, anrep effect, bowdich effect |
|
|
Term
| baroreceptors are stretch receptors in large arteries that induce what to respond? |
|
Definition
| they induce a vagal response |
|
|
Term
| at what pressures are baroreceptors stimulated at |
|
Definition
| pressures greater than 60 mm/Hg |
|
|
Term
| activation of the baroreceptors results in any/all of these 3 thigns |
|
Definition
| vasodilation, decreased HR, decreased strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
| cardiac reflex: increased strength of contractio d/t increase of venous return/preload (stroke volume increases as a result of more blood filling the heart) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac reflex: increase in strength of contraciton d/t increase of aortic pressure/afterload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac reflex: increase in HR d/t either Starling/Anrep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resting potential for myocardial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the resting potential for myocardial cells balanced |
|
Definition
| between interstital and interacellular ions that line up on either side of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| which pump will move sodium OUT of the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which pump will move sodium IN to the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depolarizaiton of the heart leads to ______ permeability to Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| repolarization of the heart leads to _______ permeabilty to Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High Ca2+ leevls will ______ permeabilty of cell wall to Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If someone is taking a diuretic (which depletes K+) and becomes dehydrated (which results in a relative high concentration of Ca++), what is the most serious cardiac risk? |
|
Definition
| too much sodium, d/t high calcium levels, and low potassium levels lead to a very excitable heart |
|
|
Term
| In a healthy heart, what is the beneficial result of increased ventricular contraction force? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a compromised heart, what are the potentially negative results of increased ventricular contraction force? |
|
Definition
| Heart is compromised but can’t provide more (trying to do more with less) |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitter that may affect fluid visocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can acetylcholine affect fluid viscovity |
|
Definition
| relax arterial smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| fluid viscovity is altered in what ocnditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is fluid viscovity altered in conditions of prolonged hypoxia |
|
Definition
| results in polycythemia (increased RBC count) |
|
|
Term
| how do the sympathetic systems alter fluid viscosity |
|
Definition
| vasodilate arterioles to exercise muscles and shunt blood flow away from visceral organs |
|
|
Term
| system considered the basis for life, and is a multi-step process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps 1-5 of teh oxygen transport system |
|
Definition
| air quality and inspiried oxygen, airway, lungs and chest wall, diffusion, perfusion |
|
|
Term
| delivery of blood to the capillary tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps 6-9 of the oxygen transport system |
|
Definition
| myocardial function, peripheral circulation, tissue extraction and utilization of O2, return of partially de-saturated blood and CO2 to lungs |
|
|
Term
| purpose of myocardial function in the oxygen transport system |
|
Definition
| cardiac output to generate good flow and pressure |
|
|
Term
| why is peripheral circulation a step in the OTS? |
|
Definition
| pressure and possible blockage |
|
|
Term
| in the OTS, when normally at rest ______ extract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial O2 contents * CO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of O2 needed at the cell for anaerobic metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Arterial-Venous O2 content) * CO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VO2/DO2 aka Oxygen consumption/Oxygen delivery |
|
Definition
| oxygen extraction ratio (OER) |
|
|
Term
| 7 steps of O2 circulation, after O2 enters the lungs |
|
Definition
| pulmonary veins > left heart > systemic arteries > muscle > systemic veins > right heart > pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RR (respiratory rate) x TV (tidal volume) |
|
Definition
| lung pump minute ventilation |
|
|
Term
| role of insulin with glucose |
|
Definition
| insulin takes glucose into cells |
|
|
Term
| insulin helps with the synthesis of what (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does insulin inhibit |
|
Definition
| liver productio of glucose and increased cellular uptake of glucose |
|
|
Term
| a lack of insulin results in what (2) |
|
Definition
| inability to get glucose into cells, too much glucose produced by the liver |
|
|
Term
| insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) which type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| childhood, early adolescence |
|
|
Term
| main characteristic of IDDM |
|
Definition
| patient produces no insulin |
|
|
Term
| non insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) is which type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| onset of type II diabetes is a result of what |
|
Definition
| secondary to obesity, heredity, and sedentary lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| issue with insulin in NIDDM |
|
Definition
| inability to use insulin correctly or may not produce enough |
|
|
Term
| what may be all that is needed to manage a pt with mild NIDDM |
|
Definition
| diet, weight control, regular exercise |
|
|
Term
| pathological consequences of diabetes (7) |
|
Definition
| hypo/hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, foot problems, amputations |
|
|
Term
| decreased circulation in blood vessels of the eye. can lead to macular degeneration too |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased circulation of blood vessels to the glomerulus of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of the kidney which filters blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nephropathy damages the glomerulus resulting in what happening |
|
Definition
| excessive protein secretion due to glomerulus not filtering protein correctly |
|
|
Term
| Long term consequences of nephropathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| numbness, tingling, and/or loss of periphereal sensation d/t DM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biggest issue of neuropathy |
|
Definition
| can lead to injuries or other problems (patient can't feel the injury) |
|
|
Term
| 3 foot problems associated with DM |
|
Definition
| Charcot's foot, slow healing wounds, other circulatory or anatmoical changes |
|
|
Term
| If your diabetic patient had an amputation what should you do? |
|
Definition
| flip a coin to see if they are going to die in 3 years or not. probably shouldn't do it in front of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gross physical examination to ID any areas of neurlogic, sensory, or motor performance impairment. provide service as an exercise consultant |
|
|
Term
| normal blood glucose levels if fasting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how low must blood sugar levels be to be considered hypoglycemic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how high must blood sugar levels be to be considered hyperglycemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S of hypoglycemia specific to pt with DM |
|
Definition
| tinging of mouth and fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness, sweating, tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, thirst, nervousness, irritability, hunger, vomiting, tinging of mouth and fingers |
|
|
Term
| diabetic ketoacidosis is a result of what |
|
Definition
| extremely low insulin levels |
|
|
Term
| with diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin levels are extremely low, which means the body then breaks down what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the body breaks down fats during diabetic ketoacidosis resulting in the creation of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is it bad to have too many ketones in the blood |
|
Definition
| change in pt's blood pH which causes its own problems |
|
|
Term
| abnormal responses to exercise: exercise hypertension: systolic measurement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal responses to exercise: exercise hypertension: diastolic measurement |
|
Definition
| >110 mmHg or until controlled |
|
|
Term
| abnormal responses to exercise: systolic hypotension: what qualifies? |
|
Definition
| >20 mmHg drop from upright resting blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| abnormal responses to exercise: types of unusual HR response (3) |
|
Definition
| too rapid an increase, failure to increase, or decrease with exercise |
|
|
Term
| abnormal responses to exercise: symptoms (5) |
|
Definition
| significant anginal response, undue dyspnea, excessive fatigue, mental confusion or dizziness, severe leg claudication |
|
|
Term
| abnormal responses to exercise: signs (6) |
|
Definition
| pallor, cold sweat, ataxia, new murmur, pulmonary rales, onset of significant third heart sound |
|
|
Term
| abnormal responses to exercise: ECG abnormalities (4) |
|
Definition
| serious arrhythmias, second or third degree heart block, onset of right or left bundle branch block, acute ST changes |
|
|
