Term
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Definition
| The genome determines the nature and activities of the cell (phenotype i.e. observable properties) |
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Term
| Name two additional sources of DNA. |
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Definition
| Plasmids, and gene transfer from other bacteria. |
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Term
| What is a plasmid? Just general here. |
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Definition
| Extrachromosomal DNA molecules (physically separate from the chromosome) that carry genes, usually not essential. |
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Term
| Plasmids. What shape are they? How do they replicate? How do they size up to chromosomes? |
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Definition
| Almost always circular, they self-replicate independently, and are much smaller than chromosome (3-10 Kb often) vs 2-4 Mb for bacterial chromosome) |
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Term
| Characteristic copy number fo plasmids? |
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Definition
Low copy 1-2 per cell (large plasmids usually)
High copy number (30->100, smaller plasmids) |
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Term
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Definition
| Have their own origin of replication, and can exist as single copies or as multiple copies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The elimination of plasmid. Can be spontaneous or induced by treatments that inhibit plasmid replication but not host cell reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasmids that can exist either with or without integrating into chromosome. |
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Term
| What is a conjugative plasmid? |
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Definition
| Have genes for sex pili, and can transfer copies of themselves to other bacteria during conjugation. |
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Term
| What does it mean to mobilize a plasmid? |
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Definition
| A non-conjugative plasmid can be transfered to other cells as long as it's in a cell that already has a conjugated plasmid. |
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Term
| How are plasmids important in pathogenesis? |
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Definition
| Rapid spread of resistance to antibiotics. |
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Term
| How are plasmids important for the environment? |
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Definition
Biodegradation e.g Tol plasmids of
Pseudomonas sp. |
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Term
| How are plasmids important in biotechnology? |
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Definition
| Vectors for cloning, overexpression etc e.g pUC plasmids |
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Term
| How are plasmids important to toxins? |
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Definition
| Plasmids can actually encode for toxins. Traveler's bacteria is made by a toxin created from a plasmid in E. coli. |
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Term
| Fertility Factor plasmids: Size, function, and genes contained. |
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Definition
| 94.5 kb, genes for conjugation, tra genes for transfer, formation of sex pili, etc. |
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Term
| What do resistance factors do, and what makes them spread easily? |
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Definition
| Encode enzymes that destroy antibiotics, and they are conjugative and permiscuous. |
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Term
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Definition
Encodes colicin which kills E. coli. Some are conjugative, and some carry resistance genes.
 |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that destroys other bacteria, usually closely related species. |
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Term
| A Col plasmid in E. coli is most likely to attack what type of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are virulence plasmids? |
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Definition
| Genes that confer resistance to host defense mechanisms, or that encode toxins, etc. |
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Term
| What are metabolic plasmids? |
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Definition
Genes encoding degradative enzymes for
pesticides, or genes for nitrogen fixation, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leguminous plants rely on Rhizobium to fix nitrogen for them. Without this bacteria with the plasmid they will die. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of pieces of DNA around the genome. |
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Term
| What are transposable elements (transposons)? |
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Definition
Segments of DNA that carry genes for
transposition. |
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Term
| What is an insertion sequence? Provide an example. |
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Definition
Contain only genes encoding enzymes required for
transposition e.g., transposase |
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Term
| What is a composite transposon? Provide an example of what it may contain. |
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Definition
| Transposon carrying genes in addition to those needed for transposition. May contain antibiotic resistance genes |
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Term
| What are found flanking the transposase gene at either end of the sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must be present in order for DNA to be transposable? |
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Definition
| The gene for transposase. |
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Term
| Describe the creation of direct repeats. |
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Definition
| Transposase cuts DNA into sticky ends, the transposon inserts between the ends, and the gaps are filled in on either side. |
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Term
| What are four possible effects of transposition? |
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Definition
Mutation in coding region by insertion into a gene,
arrest of translation or transcription, activation of genes, and
generation of new plasmids. |
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Term
| How might a transposon activate a gene? |
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Definition
| The transposon may contain a promoter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of genetic information by direct cell to cell contact. |
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Term
| Which experiment proved the need for cell to cell contact? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which secretion system is utilized during conjugation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main protein component of the sex pillis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between an autotroph, and an auxotroph? |
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Definition
| Autotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source, auxotrophs lack the genes for the production of a certain amino acid. |
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Term
| What is responsible for the creation of the sex pilus (genetically)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in F+ x F- mating? |
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Definition
| Sex. Also, the F plasmid is copied and transferred from F+ to F-. Chromosomal genes are not transferred. |
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Term
| What occurs in HFR mating? |
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Definition
| The F plasmid is incorporated into the chromosome, causing part of the chromosome to be transferred to the F- during conjugation. |
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Term
| After HFR mating the F- cell is usually F-, F+, or HFR? |
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Definition
| The F- cell typically remains F- due to incomplete transfer of the F plasmid. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the F factor is excised improperly in an HFR cell part of the chromosomal DNA may be included in the plasmid. |
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Term
| What occurs in F' x F- mating? |
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Definition
| Transfer of chromosomal genes occurs with high frequency as both cells become F'. |
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Term
| Who's going to come to the LifeSci kegger at 374 Alfred, March 3rd? |
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Definition
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