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Lecture 8- Psychopathology
information from Nnamdi Pole's (Smith College professor) power point presentation
23
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/05/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

1st Main Point:

Schizophrenia Is Characterized by:

Definition

delusions (fixed, unlikely belief)

hallucinations (perception w/o external stimulation)

disorganized thoughts/behavior/speech

 

Term
Prevalence of Schizophrenia and Onset
Definition

1% to 2% of the popluation

onset:  late adolescence or early adulthood -- starts earlier in men than in women

Term
What is Rosenhan's Pseudopatient Study?
Definition

he sent 12 volunteers in to psychiatric hospitals for schizophrenia, they were diagnosed and hospitalized, and never detected as fakes. 

 

 

Term
Rosenhan's Conclusions about Psychologists:
Definition

mental professionals cannot tell "sane"  from "insane"

 

he had concerns because mental illness diagnoses are potentially stigmatizing.

Term

Theories About How Schizophrenia Develops: 

(3 points)

Definition

1. biological theory:  oversensitivity to the dopamine neurotransmitters + enlarged cebral ventricals.

2. possible viral exposure: likelihood of developing schizophrenia is higher if you were born in a cold climate during the winter months or if your mother had influenza while pregnant.

3. low socioeconomic status: people of low status 9x more likely to develop schizophrenia, perhaps because of illness, also perhaps because of stress factors. (causes "downward drift")

Term

2nd Main Point

Depression: How Does it Develop?

(3 points)

Definition

1. Psychodynamic Theory: children w/o breast feeding become overly dependent on others and over-react when relationships end.

2. Cognitive Theory: negative cognitive schema exaggerates negative life events and precipitates depression.

3. depressive and manic episodes are triggered by environment: negative and positive life events. 

Term

3rd Main Point

Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders:

(3 points)

Definition

1. intense irrational fear, anxiety and/or worry that significantly disrupts normal life activities.

2. awareness that the fear is irrational (awareness does not diminish the fear)

3.  physical symptoms (heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, nausea, dizziness, difficulty sleeping, fear of dying)

 

Term

Characteristics of Unipolar Depression:

(9 points)

Definition

1. prolonged sadness

2.  prolonged apathy

3.  weight loss/gain

4. sleep symptoms

5. excessive fatigue

6. worthlessness

7. inappropriate guilt

8.  poor concentration

9. death preoccupation

Term

Characteristics of Bipolar Depression:

(5 points)

Definition

1. Cycles of unipolar depression AND:

2.  "mania" (elated and/or irritable mood)

3. rapid and shifting thought/speech

4. excessive energy (e.g., not sleeping)

5. dangerously reduced inhibitions

Term

Prevalence of Mood Disorders, Comorbidities, and Personality of (victims?):

 

Definition

unipolar prevalence: 17% of americans

more common in women (20-25% ) than men (7-12%)

vary by region, higher in low socioeconomic status groups.

 

bipolar depression: 4% of americans

rates higher in high socioeconomic status groups. 

 

unipolar comorbidities: anxiety disorders, substance use.

bipolar comorbidities: substance use (60%), suicide (20%)

 

personalities: neurotic personalities are at greater risk for both unipolar and bipolar depression. 

Term

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Characteristic:

 

Definition
excessive nonspecific worry
Term
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Characteristic:
Definition
excessive specific worry followed by uncontrollable behaviors to prevent feared outcome.
Term
Phobia Characteristic:
Definition
fear of specific objects, places or situations
Term
Panic Disorder Characteristic: 
Definition
unexpected fear attacks.
Term
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
fear of real past trauma
Term
Biological Evidence of PTSD:
Definition
study on habituation of startle response, controls slowly habituated to multiple exposures to the same startle response, while patients with PTSD did not. 
Term

Psychological Theories of Anxiety Disorders: 

(psychodynamic and behavioral)

Definition

psychodynamic: anxiety symbolizes unconscious conflict (hans feared horses because they remind him of his father, and he fears his father)

 

behavioral: anxiety is learned (albert developed fear of rats and other white fuzzy objects through classical conditioning)

Term

Cluster "A" of Personality Disorders

(Odd-Eccentric)

Definition

paranoid - distrust, suspicious

schizoid - detached, restricted emotion

schizotypical - odd thinking perception, eccentric behavior

Term

Cluster "B"  of Personality Disorders

( Dramatic - Erratic)

Definition

Antisocial - crimes against others w/o remorse.

Histrionic - excessive emotionality and attention seeking behavior.

Narcissistic - grandiosity and need for attention

Term

Cluster "C"  of Personality Disorders

( Anxious - Fearful)

Definition

Avoidant - socially inhibited, feelings of inadequacy, sensitive to criticism

Dependent - submissive, clinging behavior

Obsessive-Compulsive - overly neat, perfectionistic, controlling. 

Term

Multiaxal Diagnosis

(5 axes)

Definition

Axis I. main psychiatric diagnosis

Axis II. personality disorder

Axis III. medical conditions

Axis IV. social context problems

Axis V. routine of global functioning

Term
Pros and Cons of Diagnosis
Definition

Pros: 

1. treatment and planning

2. research

3. legal decisions

4. reimbursment

 

Cons:

1. labeling/ stigma

2. sub-threshold cases

3. comobidity 

4. denial of reimbursement

Term

The "Four" "D"s

of Disorganized Behavior

Definition

Distress

Dysfunction

(feelings of) Doom

NOT Devience

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