Term
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Definition
| Around 30 nm wide, slightly condensed chromatin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly condensed chromatin, not making proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA-histone complexes (complex = nucleosome) where DNA is wrapped around histones, then densely packed and folded around. |
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Term
| Chromosomes during mitosis |
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Definition
| Replication = interphase. Centromere = where sister chromatids are attached, site of mitotic spindle attachment (spindles attach to the kinetochore of the centromere). |
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Term
| Centromeric DNA sequences |
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Definition
| Very different among organisms, S. cerevisiae = 125 bp, humans = 1-5 Mb |
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Term
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Definition
| No specific DNA. Chromatin has CenH3 (required for kinetochore assembly) instead of H3 histone. Epigenetic inheritance = info of how to make kinetochore passed down by histone, not DNA. |
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Term
| Epigenetic inheritance of CenH3 |
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Definition
| Parental CenH3 nucleosomes direct incorporation of floating around CenH3 nucleosomes to make new centromeric nucleosomes. |
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Term
| Chromatin condensation during mitosis |
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Definition
| Centromere = near middle (location varies by chromosome #), telomere = end. Telomeres are special because if they were just broken ends the chromosomes would degrade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple sequence repeats, hundreds or thousands of copies, different sequence per organism. (Human = TTAGGG) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein shelterin binds to sequence all along telomere. Shaped like a coil/curl back. Overhanging 3' end is covered in shelterin proteins. Like a back stitch. |
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Term
| Production of mutant mice by homologous recombination in ES cells MOUSE KNOCKOUT |
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Definition
| Give ES cell copy of inactive mutant gene, it gets incorporated by homologous recombination. Inject ES cell into mother, offspring will have 1 normal and 1 mutant copy of gene. Mate the offspring, some of their offspring will have 2 mutant genes. Used to KNOCKOUT 5000 mous genes so far. |
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Term
| Genome-wide RNAi screen for cell growth and viability |
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Definition
| Use assay plate. Each well contains RNAi against certain gene. Incubate with cells. Whichever well doesn't grow cells shows a gene necessary for cell growth since it was knocked out in the well. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3/64 triplets = stop codons so they're random 1/20 amino acids. Proteins coded by long codon stretches uninterrupted by stop codons. |
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Term
| The transcriptome - all genes expressed in a cell |
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Definition
| DNA microarrays, tag DNA w/ fluorescence, pass DNA over plate w/ certain gene in each well, wherever it hybridizes will fluoresce once it develops. Shows genes expressed together, in cancer cells, etc. Can use similar process to see which RNAs are expressed in cells. |
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Term
| Conservation of functional gene regulatory elements |
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Definition
| 5% genome = conserved through evo in mammals. 1% of this codes. The rest usually regulate gene expression. |
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Term
| Differences between individuals |
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Definition
| ~0.1% of DNA is different. ~500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) make up most of this, and they're about every 5kb. |
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Term
| Genome-wide association scan |
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Definition
| Microarray with 2 possible alleles of up to 500,000 SNPs. Hybridize thousands of times w/ different DNA samples. Healthy patients' DNA will hybridize w/ certain alleles. Patients w/ certain diseases may show a deviation from the control allele, showing a disease allele. |
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Term
| Disease genes IDed by GWAS |
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Definition
| Heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, bipolar, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, asthma, cancer. |
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Term
| Progress in sequencing technology |
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Definition
| 2003, 13 years to sequence 1 guy, $2.7bill. 2011, thousands of people sequenced, takes days, $1000/genome. |
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