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LECTURE 7
BIOCHEMISTRY
598
Medical
Professional
08/29/2013

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Term
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN POISONS
COMPLEX I
Definition
AMYTAL, ROTENONE
Term
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN POISONS
COMPLEX II
Definition
MALONATE
Term
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN POISONS
COMPLEX III
Definition
ANTIMYCIN
Term
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN POISONS
COMPLEX IV
Definition
CN, CO, CHLORAMPHENICOL
Term
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN POISONS
COMPLEX V
Definition
OLIGOMYCIN
Term
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
CHEMICAL UNCOUPLERS
Definition
DNP
FREE FATTY ACIDS
Term
PHYSICAL UNCOUPLERS
Definition
ASPIRIN
Term
PLACES WHERE AMININO ACIDS FEED IN AND OUT OF THE TCA CYCLE
PYRUVATE
Definition
GLY, ALA, SER
Term
PLACES WHERE AMININO ACIDS FEED IN AND OUT OF THE TCA CYCLE
ACETYL COA
Definition
PHE, ISO, THR, TYR, LYS, LEU
Term
PLACES WHERE AMININO ACIDS FEED IN AND OUT OF THE TCA CYCLE
ALPHA- KETOGLUTERATE
Definition
GLU, GLN
Term
PLACES WHERE AMININO ACIDS FEED IN AND OUT OF THE TCA CYCLE
SUCCINYL COA
Definition
PHE, TRP, TYR
Term
PLACES WHERE AMININO ACIDS FEED IN AND OUT OF THE TCA CYCLE
FUMERATE
Definition
PRO
Term
PLACES WHERE AMININO ACIDS FEED IN AND OUT OF THE TCA CYCLE
OXALOACETATE
Definition
ASP, ASN
Term
GLYCINE
Definition
GLY
Term
ALANINE
Definition
ALA
Term
VAL
Definition
VALINE
Term
LEUCINE
Definition
LEU
Term
ISOLEUCINE
Definition
ISO
Term
METHIONINE
Definition
MET
Term
PHENYLALANINE
Definition
PHE
Term
TRYPTOPHAN
Definition
TRP
Term
PROLINE
Definition
PRO
Term
SERINE
Definition
SER
Term
THREONINE
Definition
THR
Term
CYSTINE
Definition
CYS
Term
TYROSINE
Definition
TYR
Term
ASPARAGINE
Definition
ASN
Term
GLUTAMINE
Definition
GLN
Term
ASPARTIC ACID
Definition
ASP
Term
GLUTAMIC ACID
Definition
GLU
Term
LYSINE
Definition
LYS
Term
ARGINIE
Definition
ARG
Term
HISTIDINE
Definition
HIS
Term
ACIDIC AMINO ACIDS
Definition
ASPARTIC ACID
GLUTAMIC ACID
Term
BASIC AMINO ACIDS
Definition
ARGININE
LYSINE
Term
AMINO ACIDS THAT MAKE DISULFIDE BONDS
Definition
CYSTINE
METHIONINE
Term
AMINO ACIDS WITH O-BONDS:
Definition
THREONINE
TYROSINE
Term
AMINO ACIDS WITH N-BONDS
EXTRA NH2
Definition
ASPARTIC ACID
GLUTAMINE
Term
BRANCHED AMINO ACIDS
Definition
ISOLEUCINE
LEUCINE
VALINE
Term
BULKY AROMATIC ACIDS:
Definition
PHENYLALANINE
TYROSINE
TRPTOPHAN
Term
SMALLEST AMINO ACID:
Definition
GLYCINE
Term
RESPONSIBLE FOR BENDS:
Definition
PROLINE
Term
CNS EXCITATORY :
Definition
ASPATRIC ACID
Term
MAKE CATECHOLAMINES:
Definition
TYROSINE
Term
KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS:
Definition
LYSINE
LEUCINE
Term
GLUCOGENIC & KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS:
Definition
PHE
ISOLEUCINE
THREONINE
TRYPTOPHAN
Term
GLUCOGENIC AMINO ACIDS:
Definition
HIS(HISTIDINE)
ARG(ARGINIE)
GLU(GLTAMIC ACID)
ASP(ASPARTIC ACID)
GLN(GLUTAMINE)
ASN(ASPARAGINE)
TYR(TYROSINE)
CYS(CYSTEINE)
PRO(PROLINE)
MET(METHIOINE)
VAL(VALINE)
ALA(ALANINE)
GLY(GLYCINE)
Term
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Definition
PVT TIM HALL
PHE
VAL
THR
TRP
ISO
MET
HIS
ARG
LEU
LYS
Term
IF THERE IS A DEFICIENCY IN
PHE WHAT BECOMES ESSENTIAL
Definition
TYROSINE
Term
IF THERE IS A DEFICIENCY IN METHIONINE THEN WHAT BECOMES ESSENTIAL
Definition
CYSTEINE
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
CUT TO THE RIGHT OF TRYPSIN
Definition
ARG
LYS
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
CUT TO THE RIGHT OF CHYMOTRYPSIN
Definition
PHE
TYR
TRP
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
CUT TO THE RIGHT OF ELASTASE
Definition
GLY
SER
ALA
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
CUT TO THE RIGHT OF
MERCAPTOETHANOL
Definition
MET
CYS
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
CUT TO THE RIGHT OF
AMINPEPTIDASE
Definition
AMINOTERMINUS
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
CUT TO THE RIGHT OF
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE
Definition
LEFT OF CARBOXYL TERMINUS
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
CUT TO THE RIGHT OF
CYANOBROMIDE
Definition
MET
Term
SECOND MESSENGERS
CAMP
Definition
SYMPATHETIC, CATABOLIC, CRH
Term
CGMP
Definition
PARASYMPATHETIC, ANABOLIC
Term
IP3/DAG
Definition
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION BY HORMONE AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
ALL HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES (EXCEPT CRH)
Term
CA:CALMODULIN
Definition
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION BY DISTENSION
Term
CA++
Definition
GASTRIN
Term
TYROSINE KINASE
Definition
INSULIN AND ALL GROWTH FACTORS
Term
RESTRICTION ENZYME
TRYPSIN
Definition
ARG
LYS
Term
CYMOTRYPSIN
Definition
PHE
TYR
TRP
Term
ELASTASE
Definition
GLY
SER
ALA
Term
MERCAPTOETHANOL
Definition
MET
CYS
Term
AMINOPEPTODASE
Definition
AMINO TERMINUS
Term
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE
Definition
LEFT OF CARBOXYL TERMINUS
Term
CYANOBROMIDE
Definition
MET
Term
TRYPSIN
Definition
CUTS TO THE RIGHT OF
ARG
LYS
Term
CHYMOTRYPSIN
Definition
CUTS TO THE RIGHT OF
PHE
TYR
TRP
Term
ELASTASE
Definition
CUTS TO THE RIGHT OF
GLY
SER
ALA
Term
MERCAPTOETHANOL
Definition
RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS TO THE RIGHT OF
MET
CYS
Term
AMINOPEPTIDASE
Definition
CUTS TO THE RIGHT OF
AMINO TERMINUS
Term
CARBOXYPEPTIDASEE
Definition
CUTS TO THE LEFT OF
CARBOXYL TERMINUS
Term
CYANOBROMIDE
Definition
CUTS TO THE RIGHT OF
MET
Term
2ND MESSENGER
SYMPATHETIC, CATABOLIC, CRH
Definition
CAMP
Term
PARASYMPATHTIC
ANABOLIC
Definition
cGMP
Term
SMOOTH MUSSCLE CONTRACTION BY HORM./NT
ALL HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES (EXCEPT CRH)
Definition
IP3/DAG
Term
SMOOTH MUSCLE COTRACTION BY DISTENSION
Definition
CA/CALMODULIN
Term
GASTRIC
Definition
CA
Term
INSULIN AND ALL GH
Definition
TYROSINE KINASE
Term
NITRATES, VIAGRA, ANP,LPS
Definition
NO
Term
CO-FACTORS FOR
PYRUVATE DH
ALPHA-KETOGLUTERATE DH
BRANCHED CHAIN DH
Definition
TLC FOR NANNA-PLANF-VIT B1-5
TPP (THIAMINE(B1)
LIPOIC ACID (B4)
COA PANTOTHENIC ACID (B5)
FAD (RIBOFLAVIN)(B2)
NAD - NIACIN (B3)
Term
Only "Imino" acids?
Definition
proline
Term
Common with all Amino Acids?
Definition
They all have :
Amino and Acid
Term
Define: Dissociate, Soluble, Bioavaiable
Definition
Dissocciation: giving up H+
Soluble: charged
Bioavailable: uncharged
Term
Best AA buffer in bodies
Definition
Histidine
Term
Define Anode and Cathode
Definition
Anode - Pole Anions go to
Cathod - Pole Cations go to
Term
Define Isoelectri point
Definition
Isoelectric point means there is no net charge
Term
What does ketogenic mean?
Definition
Made to or broken down to AcCoA (
Term
For each of the following give the Amino/Imino Acid.
Smallest aa
Definition
Glycine
Term
Kinks
Definition
Proline
Term
Basic
Definition
Lys, Arginie
Term
Acidic
Definition
Glu, Asp
Term
N-Bonds:
Definition
Asn (99%), Gln
Term
O-Bond:
Definition
Serine, Thr, Tyr
Term
Sulfur:
Definition
Cys, Met
Term
Aromatic:
Definition
Phe, THr, Tyr
Term
Branched Chain:
Definition
LIV
Term
Ketogenic:
Definition
Lys, Leu
Term
Both:
Definition
PITT
Term
Essential:
Definition
PVT TIM HALL
Term
Which amino acids are used to make cystein?
Definition
Methionine
Term
Four Hormones with Disulfide bonds.
Definition
Prolactin
Insulin
GH
Inhibib
Term
Newborn screening disease
Definition
PKU
CAH
Biotinidase
Growth Hormone
Hypothyroidism
Galactosemia
Sickle cell
Term
Enzyme Deficiency in PKU
Definition
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
Term
Signs and Symptoms of PKU
Definition
Musky Odor
MR
Fair Skin
Blue Eyes
Blonde Hair
Term
Amino Acids Deficient in PKU
Definition
Tyrosine
Term
What Substances Build up?
Definition
Phenyl pyruvate
Phenyl Acetate
Term
Tratment of PKU
Definition
Avoid Aspartame
Term
What products have aspartame
Definition
Nutrisweet
Term
Defect in MSUD
Definition
Nephron Transport Protein
Term
S/Sx of MSUD
Definition
Sweet urine
Term
AA in MSUD
Definition
Leucine
Iso-leucine
Valine
Term
Defect in Cystein Urea
Definition
Cystein
Ornathine
Lysine
Arginine
COLA
Term
What crystals are seen in Cystein Urea
Definition
Coffin Lid
Envelope Shaped
Term
Amino acids humans have
Definition
L-Amino acids
Term
What determines amino acid primary structure
Definition
amino acids sequence
Term
What is the primary factor to determine tertiary structure of protein?
Definition
Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic interactions
Term
What are the three characteristic of peptide bonds?
Definition
planar-flat
limited rotation
trans configuration
Term
What is characteristic of amino acid quarternary structure?
Definition
Allosterism (Co-operativity)
Term
For Enzymes define Km, and Vmax
Definition
Km=Potency
Vmax=efficacy
Km= 1/2 Vmax
Km=1/Affinity
Term
From what are pophyrin rings made?
Definition
Succinyl-coa
Term
Rate limiting enzymes in heme synthesis?
Definition
Delta-Amiolevulonic acid
D-ALA
Term
What are the structures of Hb A, A2, and F?
Definition
A- a2b2
A2-a2d2
F-a2g2
Term
In What percentage does each exist in the body?
Definition
A- 98%
A2-<2%
F-child <6 months
Term
Enzymes inhibited by lead in heme synthesis
Definition
d-ALA
Ferrochetaase
Term
What enzymes adds iron to porphyrin rings?
Definition
Ferrochetalase
Term
What buffers in Iron?
Definition
Histidine
Term
Number of Heme sites in 1g Heme
Definition
four
Term
Grams of iron in 1 unit of blood
Definition
3.4 grams
Term
Acute intermittent porphyria
Definition
recurrent, severe, acute abdominal pain and neuropathis
Term
Clues for porphyria cutania tarda
Definition
blisters with light
onset >5yrs
Term
Rx for AIP
Definition
fluids, sugar, hematin
Term
MCC aggrevation of AIP
Definition
menses and stress
Term
What is the defect in all thalasemias?
Definition
gene defect
Term
Genes for alpha and beta
Definition
Alpha - 4
Beta - 2
Term
Define Thalassemia minor/major
Definition
Minor- 1 gene left
Major- no genes
Term
Alpha minor - 1 gene
Definition
Asymptomatic
Term
Alpha minor - 2 genes
Definition
Active - symptomatic
not active- Asymptomatic
Hb Bart- Beta Tetramer
Term
Alpha minor - 3 genes
Definition
Symptomatic
Term
Alpha Major - 4 genes
Definition
Hydrop Fetalis
Term
Beta Minor
Definition
(+/-) SxS
Ok until 4-6 months
Term
Beta Thalassemia Major
Definition
Always symptomatic
Transfused dependent
Only Hb A2 and F
Cooley's anemia
Term
What is Cooley's anemia
Definition
Big Skull
Hepatomegaly
Big Sternum
Big Pelvis
Term
9 causes of right shift of oxygen-Hb curve?
Definition
Hypoxia
Increased Lactic acid
Increase 2,3 DPG
Increase H
Increase temperature
Increase Altitude
Increase Exercise
Decrease PH
Increase PCO2
Term
Release from the muscle cells during Rhabdomyolysis?
Definition
Myoglobin
Term
Carbon Monoxide
Definition
Competitive Inhibitor
Binds 200x stronger than oxygen
SaO2 is High
PO2 is low
Term
Rx for CO2 poisoning
Definition
Hyperbaric O2
Term
Cyanide
Definition
Non-competitive Inhibitor
PO2 is normal
SaO2 is low
Term
MCC of cyanide poisoning
Definition
Sodium Nitroprusside used in Hypertensive Crisis
Term
Treatment for CN poisoning
Definition
Amylnitrate- Fe2+->Fe3+
Thiosulfate->Thiocyanate
Methylene Blue Fe3+->Fe2+
Term
Treatment for Methemoglobulinemia
Definition
Methylene Blue
Ascorbic Acid
Term
What causes primary methemoglobinemia?
Definition
Congenital
Term
What causes secondary Methemoglobinemia?
Definition
Drugs
MC Sulfa
Term
What is the PO2 and SaO2 for Methemoglobinemia?
Definition
PO2 normal
SaO2 is low
Term
Effect of acid hydrolysis on protein?
Definition
Denatures proteins
changes ASN ->ASP
Change Glutamate to Aspartic Acid and Glutamic acid
Term
How does gel electrophoresis work?
Definition
Separates by size
Separates by charge
Term
Trypsin cuts to the right of
Definition
Lysine
Arginine
Term
Chymotrypsin cuts
Definition
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Term
Elastase cuts
Definition
Hlycine
Alanine
Serine
Term
Cyanatobromide cuts
Definition
Methionine
Term
Aminopeptidase cuts
Definition
Amino terminals
Term
Carboxypeptidase cuts
Definition
(Carboxy terminal ) B only
that cuts to the left
Mercaptoethanol (dissoloves disulfide bonds)
Term
4 most abundant collagen
Definition
I- S - Skin
II - C- Connective Tissue
III- A - Arteries
IV- B- Basement membrane
Term
What protein is defective in Marfans?
Definition
Fibrillin Protein
Term
Clues for Marfan
Definition
Wingspan>Height
Arachnodactyly
Lense dislocates from the bottom
Term
Clues for Ehler Danlos
Definition
Hyperstretchable skin
Term
How does Homocystein work?
Definition
INH lysine hydroxylase and therefore
INH collagen synthesis
Term
Clues for Homocysteinuria
Definition
Dislocates lense from the top
Term
What is the defect in scurvey?
Definition
Vit C is needed to hydroxylase Lys and Proline in Collagen Synthesis
Term
Clues for Scurvey
Definition
Gingival Bleeding
Perifolicular Heamorrahge
Term
Clues for syphilis
Definition
Obliterative endarteritis
Tree barking
Shooting lacinating pain
Term
Clues for congenital syphilis
Definition
anterior bowing of legs
snuffles
Huthinson teeth
Term
Defect in Minky Kinky hair disease?
Definition
Cu2+ deficiency
Term
Clues for Minky Kinky hair disease?
Definition
Hair cuts face
Hair looks like copper
Term
Differentiate OI from abuse
Definition
OI- shattering fractures
Term
In what population do you get Takayasu disease?
Definition
Asian Women
Term
What is Takayasou?
Definition
Granulomatous Aortitis
Term
What is the only protein modified in the ER?
Definition
Collagen
Term
What are the amino acids found in Collagen?
Definition
Gly
Pro
Lys
Term
What Vitamin in needed for Collagen Synthesis?
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
What other mineral is required for Collagen>
Definition
Copper
Term
What two A A are hydroxylated in Collagen?
Definition
Proline
Lysine
Term
How do all proteins begin?
Definition
Pre-pro-protein
Term
In what form is Collagen secreted?
What happens after secretion?
Definition
Collagen is secreted from the GOLGI as Tropocollagen and a Cytoplasmic peptidase cleaves off OH
Term
Where do each of the following guide a protein?
Definition
Pre-ER
Pro- Golgi
Man-6-phos- Lysosomes
Short amino terminus sequence - mitochondria
Term
Diff b/t elastin and collagen?
Definition
Elastin has no OH/Lysine
Term
What gives Elastin elasticity?
Definition
Desmosine -> (4) Lysins
Term
Enzyme that breaks down Elastin?
Definition
Elastase
Term
2 bacteria with Elastase?
Definition
Staph
Pseudomonas
Term
What provides Tensile Strength?
Definition
Keratin
Term
Kinds of bond in Keratin?
Definition
Disulfide bonds
Term
ETC complex needing Fe?
Definition
Complex III and IV
Term
ETC complex needing Cu?
Definition
Complex III
Term
FADH2/NADH feed ETC at
Definition
FADH2->Complex II
NADH->Complex I
Term
Inhibiting ETC means?
Definition
Stop electron transport
Stop heat generation
Term
Uncoupling ETC means?
Definition
Stop electron transport,
but Heat generation continues
Term
ETC Inhibitors
Definition
I:Amytal- Rotonone
II: Malonate
III:Actinomycin D
IV:CN, CO, Chloramphenocol
V:Oligomycin
Term
ETC uncouplers:
Definition
DNP:Dinitophenol
ASA:ASpirin
FFA
Term
Who has uncoupled ETC
Definition
Babies and polar bears
Term
Types of sugars and AA in humans?
Definition
L-Sugars
D-Amino Acids
Term
Why does the body phosphorylate things?
Definition
To keep them in the cells
Term
What are the regulatory enzymes in Glycolysis?
Definition
Hexokinase
PFK1
Pyruvate Kinase
Term
Glucokinase is found where?
Definition
Liver and Pancreas after a meal
Term
Hexokinase is found where?
Definition
Everywhere
Term
7 not requiring insulin to take up glucose
Definition
B:Brain
R:RBC
I: Interstine
C:Cornea
K:Kidney
L:Liver
E:Exercising Muscle
Term
3 enzymes needing B1
Definition
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Alpha KG Dehydrogense
Branched chain AA DH
Term
List the B vitamins and names
Definition
B1:Thiamine
B2:Riboflavin
B3:Niacin
B4:Lipoic Acid
B5:Pantothenic Acid
B6:Pryladoxamine
B9:Folate
B12:Cyanocobalamine
Term
List Co-factors for B Vitamins
Definition
B1-TPP
B2-FAD
B3-NAD
B4-LIPOIC ACID
B5- COA
Term
LIST DEFICIENCIES IN VITAMINS
Definition
A-NIGHT BLINDNESS
B1-BERI BERI
B2-ANGULAR CHIELOSIS
B3-PALLAGRA
B4-NONE
B5-NONE
B6-NEUROPATHY
B7-BIOTIN DEF, CARBOXYLATION PROBS
B9-MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
B12-MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA/WITH NEUROPATHY
C-SCURVY
D-OSTEOMALACIA/RICKETS
E-BLOOD PROBLEMS
K-BLEEDING DISORDER
Term
CLUES FOR PELLAGRA
Definition
4 D'S
DERMATITIS
DEMENTIA
DIARRHOEA
DEATH
Term
DISEASE LIKE PELLAGRA
Definition
HARTNUP DISEASE
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT DEFFICIENCY IN KIDNEY
Term
WHAT ARE SOURCES OF B2
Definition
MILK
Term
WHAT BREAK DOWN B2
Definition
SUNLIGHT
Term
WHAT CAN NOT BE TRANSPORTED IN HARTNUP DISEASE
Definition
TRYPTOPHAN
Term
FIVE FATES OF PYRUVATE
Definition
LACTIC ACID
ALANINE
OAA
ACETYL COA
ETHANOL
Term
ENZYMES FOR FIVE FATES OF PYRUVATE
Definition
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE
ALANINE TRANSFERASE-ALT
PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE
ETHANOL DEHYDROGENASE
Term
VIRAL VS ETHANOL HEPATITIS
Definition
VIRAL 1:1 AST/ALT
ALCOHOLIC>2 AST/ALT
Term
EXPLAIN AST/ALT RATIO
Definition
AST IN CYTO AND MITOCHONDRIA
ALT ONLY IN THE CYTOPLASM
VIRUSES->MEMBRANE->1:1
ETHANOL->ALSO MITOCHONDRIA->2:1
Term
DRUGS CAUSING DISULFURAM REACTION
Definition
DISULFRAM AND METRONIDAZOLE
Term
MERCURY INHIBITS?
Definition
G3P KINASE
Term
FLORIDE INHIBITS?
Definition
ENOLASE
Term
SIGNS OF FLORIDE POISONING?
Definition
PEARLY WHITE TEETH AND BONES
Term
6 TCA LOCATIONS FOR AA'S:
Definition
PYRUVATE
ACETYL COA
ALPHA KETO GLUTERATE
SUCCINYL COA
FUMERATE
Term
TCA ENZYMES CONNECTED TO ETC
Definition
SUCCINYL COA
DEHYDROGENASE 2
IT IS CONNECTED AT COMPLEX II
Term
ENZYMES IN GLYCOLYSIS
Definition
GLUCOKINASE/HEXOKINASE
GLUCOSE 6 P ISOMERASE
FRUCTOSE 6 P KINASE
ALDOLASE A
GA3P KINASE
1.3 BISPHOSPHOGLUCONATE DH
3PG ISOMERASE
ENOLASE
PYRUVATE KINASE
Term
4 REGULATORY ENZYMES IN GLUCONEOGENESIS
Definition
PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
PEPCK
FRUCTOSE 1,6 BISPHOSPHATASE
GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATASE
Term
INTERMEDIATES IN TCA
Definition
CINDY IS KINKY SO SHE FORNICATES MORE OFTEN
ACETYL-COA
CITRATE
ISOCITRATE
ALPHA KETO GLUTERATE
SUCCINYL COA
SUCCINATE
FUMERATE
MALATE
OXALOACETATE
Term
INTERMEDIATES IN UREA CYCLE
Definition
NH4+CO2+ATP
CARBAMOYL-P+ORNITHINE
CITRULINE+ASP
ARGINOSUCCINATE-FUMERATE
L-ARGININE-FUMERATE
ORNATHINE+UREA
Term
INERMEDIATES IN PENTOSE PATHWAY
Definition
GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE 6 P
6 PHOSPHOGLUCONATE
RIBOSE 5 PHOSPHATE
Term
INTERMEDIATES IN FRUCTOSE CATABOLISM
Definition
FRUCTOSE
FRUCTOSE 1 PHOSPHATE
BHAP/GLYCEROL
Term
DEFICIENCIES IN FRUCTOSURIA
Definition
FRUCTOKINASE
Term
DEFICIENCIES IN FRUCTOSEMIA
Definition
ALDOLASE B
Term
DEFICIENCIES IN GALACTOSURIA
Definition
GALACTOKINASE
Term
DEFICIENCIES IN GALACTOSEMIA
Definition
GALACTOSE-1-URUDYL-TRANSFERASE
Term
COMPLICATIONS OF FRUCTOSUREA/GALACTOSUREA
Definition
POLYDIPSIA
POLYUREA
UTI
Term
CARRIERS IN THE BODY
Definition
UDP-SINGLE SUGAR
DOLICHOL-MANY SUGARS
BIOTIN-CO2
THF-CH3 FOR NUCLEOTIDE
SAM-CH3 FOR EVERYTHING
CDP-AA
THF-CH3 FOR NUCLEOTIDE
SAM-CH3 FOR EVERYTHING
CDP-AA
Term
EXCESS SUGARS
Definition
GLU->SORBITOL
FRUCTOSE->FRUCTICOL
GALACTOSE->GALACTICOL
Term
WHAT IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF A CELL MEMBRANE?
Definition
IT IS A LIPID BILAYER
Term
DEFINE AMPHIPATHIC
Definition
FAT SOLUBLE AND WATER SOLUBLE
Term
WHERE WILL YOU FIND HYDROPHOBIC SUBSTANCES?
HYDROPHILIC?
Definition
HYDROPHOBIC-INSIDE
HYDROPHILIC-OUTSIDE
Term
3 EXCEPTIONS TO WATER OUT FAT IN RULE
Definition
CHANNELS
PORES
TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN
Term
RDA FOR FAT/CARB/PROTEIN
Definition
30% FATS
30% PROTEINS
40% CARBS
Term
7 FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANES?
Definition
PROVIDE STRUCTURE
TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
HEAT/TEMP REGULATIONS
MAINTAIN GRADIENT
DEPOLARISATION
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Term
MEMBRANE TRANSPORATION IN A CELL IS CALLED?
Definition
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Term
BRINGING SOMETHING INTO THE CELL IS CALLED?
Definition
ENDOCYTOSIS
Term
BRINGING SOMETHING OUTSIDE THE CELL IS CALLED?
Definition
EXOCYTOSIS
Term
BRINGING WATER INTO THE CELL IS CALLED?
Definition
PINOCYTOSIS
Term
WHAT TWO THINGS ARE REQUIRED FOR CELLULAR TRANSPORT?
Definition
ATP
ACTIN
Term
MOST IMPORTANT SUBSTANCE ENDOCYTOSED?
Definition
NUTRITION
Term
MOST IMPORTANT SUBSTANCE EXOCYTOSED?
Definition
WASTE
Term
MOST IMPORTANT WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCED BY CELLS?
Definition
LIPOFUSION (BROWN PIGMENT)
Term
HOW DO YOU GET THIS WASTE PRODUCT? WHAT CAUSES?
Definition
WITH AGE YOU BECOME LESS ABLE TO PUSH LIPOFUSCIN OUT OF THE CELL
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
Definition
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
Term
MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES?
Definition
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
Term
HOW DO YOU CONCENTRATE ANY SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY?
Definition
WITH AN ATPASE
Term
HOW DOES SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT WORK?
Definition
GOING WITH A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
USING ANOTHER SUBSTANCES GRADIENT
Term
WHAT TWO THINGS ARE REQUIRED FOR CELLULAR TRANSPORT?
Definition
ATP AND ACTIN
Term
MOST IMPORTANT SUBSTANCE ENDOCYTOSED?
Definition
NUTRITION
Term
MOST IMPORTANT SUBSTANCE EXOCYTOSED?
Definition
WASTE
Term
MOST IMPORTANT WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCED BY CELLS?
Definition
LIPOFUSCION
(BROWN PIGMENT)
Term
HOW DO YOU GET THIS WASTE PRODUCT?
WHAT CAUSES?
Definition
WITH AGE YOU BECOME LESS ABLE TO PUSH LIPOFUSCION OUT OF THE CELL
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
Definition
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
Term
MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES?
Definition
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
Term
HOW DO YOU CONCENTRATE ANY SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY?
Definition
WITH ATPASE
Term
HOW DOES SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT WORK?
Definition
GOING WITH A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
USING ANOTHER SUBSTANCES GRADIENT
Term
MOST IMPORTANT SUBSTANCE USED FOR SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
Definition
SODIUM
Term
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF A SUBSTANCE IN THE SAME DIRECTION?
DIFFERENT DIRECTION?
Definition
SAME DIRECTION: CO-TRANSPORT, SYMPORT
OPPOSITE: ANTIPORT
Term
IS A CELL MEMBRANE MOSTLY FAT OR WATER?
Definition
FAT
Term
WHAT SUBSTANCES CROSS THE MEMBRANE MORE?
Definition
FAT SOLUBLE
Term
WHAT LIMITS CROSSING THE MEMBRANE?
Definition
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
Term
WHAT IS TRUE FOR ALL FAT SOLUBLE/STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS?
Definition
THEY NEVER HAVE CELLULAR MEMBRANE RECEPTORS BECAUSE THEY READILY CROSS THE MEMBRANES
Term
WHERE ARE THEIR RECEPTORS LOCATED?WHAT IS THE ONE EXCEPTION? HOW DO THEY WORK?
Definition
THEIR RECEPTORS ARE IN THE NUCLEUS
CORTISOL IS AN EXCEPTION, ITS RECEPTORS ARE IN THE CYTOPLASM
THEY STIMULATE THE NUCLEUS TO PERFORM DNA REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION INTO PROTEINS BY WHICH THEY MANIFEST THEIR ACTIONS
Term
HOW DO YOU DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN FAT SOLUBLE HORMONE AND ANOTHER?
Definition
YOU DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THEM BY THE PROTEIN THEY MAKE
Term
FACTORS THAT AFFECT TRANSPORTATION OF WATER SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS OR HORMONES?
Definition
SIZE
CHARGE
PH
SURFACE AREA
MEMBRANE THICKNESS
FLUX
REFLECTION CO-EFFICIENT
FICK'S LAW
Term
PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE REFLECTION CO-EFFICIENT?
Definition
REFLECTION CO-EFFICIENT IS THE RATIO OF PARTICLES SENT TO PARTICLES RETURNED. THAT IS IF 10 ARE SENT AND 10 RETURN, THE REFLECTION CO-EFFICIENT IS 1. IF 10 ARE SENT AND NONE RETURN, REFLECTION COEFFICIENT OF 0 OR SOLUBLE.
Term
WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND FICK'S LAW?
Definition
RATION OF THINGS THAT PROMOTE CROSSING A MEMBRANE TO THINGS THAT INHIBIT IT
Term
HOW IONS CROSS MEMBRANE?
Definition
CHANNELS
Term
HOW MEDIUM PARTICLES CROSS MEMBRANES?
Definition
PORES
Term
HOW LARGER MOLECULES CROSS MEMBRANES?
Definition
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
Term
WHAT ARE THE THREE WAYS HEAT IS REGULATES IN THE BODY?
Definition
RADIATION-INTO ENVIRONMENT
CONDUCTION-CONTACT
CONVECTION-ENVIRONMENT MOVES PAST YOU
Term
WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF EACH?
HOW BODY GETS RID OF HEAT?
Definition
VASODILATE
Term
HOW BODY KEEPS HEAT?
Definition
VASOCONSTRICTION
Term
MOST IMPORTANT SUBSTANCE THAT IS TRANSPORTED THROUGHT PORES?
Definition
SWEAT
NACL AND WATER
Term
WHICH HORMONES HAVE CELL MEMBRANE RECEPTORS?
Definition
NON-STEROID HORMONES
Term
HORMONES HAVE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE RECEPTORS?
Definition
ALL EXCEPT CORTISOL WHICH HAS A CYTOPLASMIC RECEPTOR
Term
HOW DOES THE CELL MEMBRANE HELP THE BODY MAINTAIN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT?
Definition
BY KEEPING THE IONS ON THE CORRECT SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE TO MAINTAIN ELECTRICAL GRADIENT
Term
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON EXTRA CELLULAR CATION/ANION?
Definition
CATION:SODIUM
ANION:CHLORIDE
ANION?
Term
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON INTRA CELLULAR CATION /ANION?
Definition
CATION:POTASSIUM
ANION:PROTEINS
Term
WHAT MEMBRANES OF THE BODY DO NOT DEPOLARISE?
Definition
DEAD MEMBRANES
Term
WHICH TISSUES ARE THE BEST AT DEPOLARISING?
Definition
NEURONAL
PURKINJE FIBRES
Term
MOST COMMON COMPLICATION OF ELECTROCUTION?
Definition
MC COMPLICATION IS BLEEDING BECAUSE ELECTRICITY CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE ENDOTHELIUM, BUT YOU CAN NOT COMPLETELY CLOT BECAUSE THE ENDOTHELIUM IS DAMAGED
Term
WHAT SUBSTANCES DO LYSOSOMES HAVE A LOT OF?
Definition
ACID HYDROLASES
Term
WHAT DO ACID HYDROLASES DO THE PH OF THE LYSOSOMES?
Definition
CAUSE THE PH TO BE VERY ACIDIC
Term
STRUCTURE THAT IS FORMED WHEN A LYSOSOME PHAGOCYTOSES SOMETHING?
Definition
PHAGOSOME
OR PHAGOLYSOSOME
Term
BACTERIA THAT CAN INHIBIT PHAGOCYTOSIS BY PMN'S?
Definition
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Term
TB COMPONENT THAT PREVENTS PHAGOCYTOSIS?
Definition
CORD FACTOR
Term
ION THAT DAMAGESS LYSOSOMAL DAMAGE BY COATING THEIR SURFACE?
Definition
CALCIUM
Term
DAMAGE TO THE LYSOSOMES CAUSE
Definition
ACID HYDROLASES LEAK OUT AND DAMAGE THE NUCLEUS PARTICULARLY DNASE AND RNASE
Term
WHERE DO ALL SYNTHETIC PROCESSES OCCUR IN THE CELL?
Definition
IN THE CYTOPLASM (E.G. GLYCOLYSIS, GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS)
Term
WHERE DO ALL CATABOLIC PROCESSES OCCUR IN THE BODY?
Definition
IN THE MITOCHONDRIA
(E.G. TCA, GLYCOGENOLYSIS, FATTY ACID BREAK DOWN)
Term
MOST IMPORTANT PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM?
Definition
SODIUM ATPASE
(3 Na+ OUT/ 2K+ IN)
Term
MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM?
Definition
SODIUM-CALCIUM EXCHANGER
(3Na+OUT, 2Ca2+ IN)
Term
TRANSPORT SYSTEM USED TO MAKE THE CELL MORE NEGATIVE?
MORE POSITIVE?
Definition
NEGATIVE?Na-K ATPASE
POSITIVE? Na-Ca EXCHANGER
Term
WHAT DOES A LYSOSOMAL INCLUSION BODY INDICATE?
Definition
MISSING ENZYME->INABILITY TO DIGEST A SUBSTANCE
Term
SURFACES AT WHICH PROTEINS ENTER AND LEAVE THE GOLGI
Definition
ENTER->CONCAVE SIDE
LEAVE->CONVEX SIDE
Term
WHICH PARENT TRANSMIT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA?
Definition
MOTHER
Term
WHAT IS THE ONLY IMPORTANT MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE?
Definition
LEBER
Term
WHAT DOES EACH OF THE FOLLOWING POLYMERASES DO IN THE EUKARYOTES?
Definition
1-POLYMERASE ALPHA
2-POLYMERASE BETA
3-POLYMERASE GAMMA
4-POLYMERASE DELTA
5-POLYMERASE EPSILON

1-PRIMASE
2-DNA POLYMERASE I
3-MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
4-DNA POLYMERASE III
5-DNA POLYMERASE III
Term
WHAT IS THE OUTCOME OF ALL CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES?
Definition
THEY ALL DIE
Term
WHICH MONOSOMY DOES NOT DIE?
Definition
TURNER'S
Term
MAJOR CONCEPT BEHIND ALL MONOSOMIES?
Definition
IF THEY DO NOT DIE, THINGS WONT GROW
Term
WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF TURNERS?
Definition
WEB NECK-NECK DIDNT GROW SO YOU HAVE EXTRA SKIN
CYSTIC HYGROMA-BRACHIAL POUCHES DIDNT DEVELOP
SHIELD CHEST-WAIST DID NOT GROW
GONADAL STREAKS - OVARIES DID NOT GROW
COARCTATION OF THE AORTA- AORTIC ARCH DIDNT GROW
COARCTATION OF AORTA-AORTIC ARCH DIDNT GROW
Term
CLUES FOR COARCTATION?
Definition
DIFFERENTIAL PULSES
DIFFERENTIAL CYANOSIS
RIB NOTCHING ON X-RAY
Term
REASON FOR RIB NOTCHING IN COARCTATION?
Definition
BRONCHIAL ARTERIES OPEN UP TO ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW AND ERODING RIBS.
Term
REASONS FOR DIFFERENTIAL CYANOSIS IN COARCTATION
Definition
PDA JOINS DISTAL TO COARCTATION
Term
NAME THE TRISOMIES
Definition
TRISOMY 13 - PATAU
TRISOMY 18 - EDWARDS
TRISOMY 21 - DOWNS SYNDROME
Term
CLUES FOR PATAU
Definition
DIE SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH
PUBERTY
HIGH ARCHED PALATE
POLYDACTYLY
P-SYSTEM
Term
CLUES FOR EDWAEDS
Definition
DIE SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH
95% ROCKER BOTTOM FEET
Term
8 FEATURES OF DOWN'S
Definition
MR
20-50% CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
40% HYPOTHYROIDISM
CANCER-ALL
EARLY ONSET ALZHEIMERS
SIMIAN CREASE
MONGOLIAN SLANT
WIDESPREAD 1ST AND 2ND TOE
Term
MOST COMMON CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN DOWN'S?
Definition
COMMON AV CANAL
ASD AND VSD TOGETHER
VSD ONLY
ASD ONLY
Term
TO WHAT IS A COMMON AV CANAL DUE?
Definition
FAILURE OF ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION TO DEVELOP
Term
MC CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE IN DOWNS SYNDROME?
Definition
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Term
MC CANCER SEEN IN DOWNS PATIENT?
MOST FREQUENT?
Definition
MOST COMMON - ALL
MOST FREQUENT - AML
Term
LIST THE IQ SCALE
Definition
GENUIS >130
NORMAL - 85-100
MILD MR - 70
MODERATE - 55
SEVERE - 40
PROFOUND - <25
Term
LEVEL OF MR THAT REQUIRES INSTITUTIONALISATION?
Definition
PROFOUND <25
Term
WHICH TYPE OF MEMORY IS AFFECTED FIRST IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
Definition
SHORT TERM MEMORY BECAUSE ALZHEIMER'S AFFECTS THE HIPPOCAMPUS FIRST
Term
WHAT TUSSUE CHANGE IS THE HALLMARK OF ALZHEIMRE'S DISEASE?
Definition
NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES IN THE BRAIN
Term
NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT IS REDUCED IN ALZHEIMER'S ?
Definition
ACETYLCHOLINE
Term
WHAT ENZYME MAKES THIS ACH?
Definition
CHOLINE ACETYL TRANSFERASE
Term
DRUGS USED TO TREAT ALZHEIMER'S THAT INHIBITS THE BREAKDOWN OF ACH?
Definition
TACRINE INHIBITS THE BREAKDOWN OF ACH
Term
3 TYPES OF NUCLEAR DAMAGE AND THEIR DESCRIPTION OF THE NUCLEUS?
Definition
PYKNOSIS-BLOBS
KARYORRHEXIS-CHUNKS
KARYOLYSIS-DISSOLVES
Term
DESCRIBE COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
Definition
DUE TO ISCHEMIA
ARCHITECTURE MAINTAINED
Term
DESCRIBE LIQUIFACTIVE NECROSIS
Definition
1/2 SOLID
1/2 LIQUID
NO MAINTENANCE OF ARCHITECTURE (E.G. BRAIN , ABCESS)
Term
DESCRIBE HEMORRHAGIC NECROSIS
Definition
ORGAN WITH A SOFT CAPSULE OR MORE THAN ONE BLOOD SUPPLY
Term
DESCRIBE CASEOUS NECROSIS
Definition
CHEESY
TB ONLY
Term
DESCRIBE FAT NECROSIS
Definition
OCCURS IN PANCREAS WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITITS
BLUNT TRAUMA TO BREAST
Term
DESCRIBE PURULENT NECROSIS
Definition
PUS DUE TO BACTERIA (PMN)
Term
DESCRIBE GRANULOMATOUS NECROSIS
Definition
GRANULOMAS
T/CELL MACROPHAGES
NON-BACTERIAL
Term
DESCRIBE FIBRINOUS NECROSIS
Definition
COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE
UREMIA
TB
Term
2 TYPES OF CELLULAR DEATH
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
HOW CAN YOU TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM?
Definition
APOPTOSIS-PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
NECROSIS-NON-PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
NECROSIS HAS INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS DOES NOT.
Term
MCC OF NECROSIS?
Definition
ISCHEMIA LEADING TO COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
Term
WHAT IS THE THEORY BEHIND CHEMOTHERAPY?
WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY?
Definition
TRY TO KILL CANCER BEFORE CANCER OR DRUG KILLS PATIENT
TRY TO TARGET FEATURES OF THE CANCER THAT NORMAL CELLS ARE NOT DOING (E.G. RAPIDLY DIVIDING)
Term
WHAT ARE THE FIVE CLASSES OF CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS?
Definition
NUTRIENT DEPLETORS
ANTIMETABOLITES
ALKYLATING AGENTS
MICROTUBLE INHIBITORS
IMMUNE MODULATORS
Term
3 CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS THAT INHIBIT DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE?
Definition
TRIMETHOPRIM
PYRIMETHAMINE
METHOTREXATE
Term
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELL IF YOU STOP THE NA/K PUMP?
Definition
K LEAKS OUT AND THE CELL BECOMES NEGATIVE
SODIUM MOVES DOWN ITS GRADIENT INTO THE CELL
CHLORIDE FOLLOWS SODIUM INTO THE CELL AND WATER FOLLOWS
THE CELL BEGINS TO SWELL
Term
WHAT IS THE SWELLING CALLED IN THE BRAIN, LIVER, ANY OTHER CELL?
Definition
-PAPILLEDEMA
-BALLOON DEGENERATION
-HYDROPIC CHANGES
Term
3 SUBSTANCES THST STOP THE NA/K PUMP?
Definition
DIGITALIS
DIGITOXIN
QUABAIN
Term
NORMAL RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL FOR CELLS?
Definition
(-90)
Term
WHAT CELLS DO NOT SIT AT RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL? ARE THEY MORE OR LESS LIKELY TO DEPOLARISE?
Definition
NEURONES
AND PURKINJE FIBRES
HAVE A RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF (-70)
THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO DEPOLARISE
Term
WHAT IS THE NERNST NUMBER?
Definition
THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AT WHICH THE ELECTRICAL AND CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS ARE EQUAL AND OPPOSITE.
THIS MEANS THERE IS NO NET MOVEMENT
THIS M
Term
WHAT IS THE NERNST NUMBER FOR Na, K, Cl, Mg, AND Ca?
Definition
Na+-> (+65)
Cl--> (-90)
K+ -> (-96)
Mg2+ -> (+120)
Ca2+ -> (+120)
Term
WHAT DETERMINES ELECTRICAL GRADIENT?
Definition
THE DIRECTION IONS WANT TO GO IN ORDER TO GET TO ITS OWN E
Term
BY ELECTRICAL AND CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, WHICH WAY DO THE FOLLOWING IONS WANT TO FLOW?
Definition
Na-> IN (-90)TO (+65)
K -> OUT (-90) TO (-96)
Cl -> ALREADY AT ITS E
Term
WHICH VESSEL HAS THE THICKEST LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
AORTA
Term
WHICH VESSELS HAVE THE LARGEST CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
ARTERIOLES
Term
WHICH VESSELS HAVE THE LARGEST CROSS SECTIONAL AREA?
Definition
CAPILLARIES
Term
WHICH VESSELS HAVE THE GREATEST AFFECT ON BLOOD PRESSURE?
Definition
ARTERIOLES
Term
WHICH VESSELS CAN STORE THE MOST BLOOD?
Definition
VEINS AND VENULES
Term
WHICH VESSELS HAVE THE THINNEST WALLS?
Definition
CAPILLARIES
Term
WHICH VESSELS HAVE THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF DIFFUSION?
Definition
CAPILLARIES
Term
HOW DOES THE BODY MAINTAIN STROKE VOLUME DURING HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK?
Definition
BY CONSTRICTING VEINS AND VENULES
Term
HOW MUCH BLOOD IS STORED IN VEINS AND VENULES?
Definition
SIXTY PERCENT OF THE BLOOD
Term
VESSELS IN WHICH MOST EFFUSION OCCURS?
Definition
CAPILLARIES
Term
TYPE OF EPITHELIUM THAT MAKE UP THE AORTA?
Definition
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
Term
CALCIFICATION OF THE AORTIC ARCH DUE TO TRAUMA AND AGE IS CALLED?
Definition
MONCKEBERG CALCIFICATIONS
Term
WHAT GIVES THE VEINS AND VENULES THE ABILITY TO HAVE SUCH GREAT COMPLIANCE?
Definition
ELASTIN.
THEY HAVE A THIN WALL.
Term
WHAT TWO FACTORS HELP OVERCOME AFTERLOAD AND HELP DELIVER BLOOD TO THE TISSUE?
Definition
VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION AND AORTIC RECOIL
Term
WHAT THREE FACTORS PREVENT BLOOD FROM BEING DELIVERED TO THE HEART DURING SYSTOLE?
Definition
-AORTIC VALVES PARTIALLY OCCLUDE THE CORONARY VESSELS
-THERE IS NO TRANSMURAL FORCE PUSHING BLOOD INTO THE CORONARY VESSELS
-THE CONTRACTING VENTRICLES COMPRESS THE CORONARY VESSELS
Term
THE ENERGY REQUIREMENT IS DEVELOPED WHEN?
ENERGY IS EXTRACTED FROM THE BLOOD WHEN?
Definition
ENERGY REQUIREMENT IS GENERATED DURING SYSTOLE
ENERGY IS EXTRACTED DURING DIASTOLE
Term
HOW MUCH OXYGEN IS EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD BY THE HEART?
Definition
97%
Term
WITH FAST HEART RATE IN WHICH PHASE OF THE CYCLE DOES THE HEART SPEND MOST TIME:SYSTOLE OR DIASTOLE? WITH SLOW HEART RATE?
Definition
WITH FAST HEART RATES, MORE TIME IS SPENT IN SYSTOLE.
WITH SLOW HEART RATES, MORE TIME IS SPENT IN DIASTOLE.
Term
AS YOU AGE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE AORTA?
Definition
THE AORTA CALCIFIES
Term
HOW DOES THIS AFFECT THE COMPLIANCE?
Definition
THE COMPLIANCE DECREASES
Term
WHAT AFFECT DOES THIS HAVE ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE PRESSURE?
Definition
BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES (MAINLY SYSTOLIC).
PULSE PRESSURE INCREASES (SYSTOLIC INCREASES,) DIASTOLIC REMAINS RELATIVELY UNCHANGED
Term
HOW DO YOU TREAT HYPERTENSION IN THE ELDERLY?
Definition
USE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Term
WHAT TWO ORGANS IN THE BODY HAVE RESISTANCE OF VESSELS IN SERIES?
Definition
KIDNEY AND LIVER
Term
WHY DO LIVER AND KIDNEY HAVE RESISTANCE OF VESSELS IN SERIES?
Definition
THEY DETOXIFY BLOOD SO YOU WANT BLOOD TO MOVE SLOWLY.
EVEN THOUGH THE VELOCITY OF THE DOWNSTREAM BLOOD IS INCREASED, THERE IS BACK UP OF BLOOD SO BLOOD FLOW DECREASES AND BLOOD SPENDS MORE TIME BEING DETOXIFIED.
Term
VASODILATORS OF THE ORGANS
Definition
BRAIN:HIGHPCO2, LOW PO2
CV:ADENOSINE
LUNG:HIGH PO2
MUSCLE: HIGH PCO2, LOW PH
GI: FOOD (ESP FAT)
SKIN: HIGH TEMPERATURE, HIGH PCO2
RENAL:D2-R, PG, ANP
Term
HOW DOES LOW O2 CAUSE PULMONARY HTN?
Definition
DECREASED OXYGEN CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION LEADING TO PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Term
NAME FOR OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA DUE TO OBESITY?
Definition
PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME
Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CAROTID BODY?CAROTID SINUS?
Definition
-CAROTID SINUS IS THE BARORECEPTOR.
IT MEASURES STROKE VOLUME
- CAROTID BODY IS A CHEMORECEPTOR
Term
WHAT IS THE PATHWAY OF SIGNALS FROM THE CAROTID SINUS?
Definition
1- CAROTID SINUS MEASURES STROKE VOLUME
2- SENDS SIGNAL TO NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLITARIUS IN THE MEDULLA VIA CNIX.
3- THE MEDULLA THEN SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE HEART VIA CNX
4- MEDULLA CAUSES INCREASED RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE
Term
HOW DOES THE CAROTID SINUS AFFECT FIRING OF CN IX AND X ?
Definition
1- CRANIAL NERVES IX AND X ARE ALWAYS FIRING.
2- FIRING GOES UP AND DOWN ALONG WITH STROKE VOLUME.
3- NOREPINEPHRINE GOES IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
4- INCREASED STROKE VOLUME CAUSES INCREASED FIRING OF CN IX AND CN X.
DECREASED STROKE VOLUME CAUSES DECREASED FIRING OF CN IX AND CN X.
Term
WHAT AFFECT DOES CN X HAVE ON THE HEART?
Definition
CN X IS INHIBITORY TO THE HEART.
INCREASED FIRING CAUSES A DECREASED HEART RATE.
DECREASED FIRING CAUSES INCREASED HEART RATE.
Term
WHEN YOU STAND UP, BY HOW MUCH DOES YOUR HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE?
Definition
HEART RATE INCREASES BY 5-10bmp AND BLOOD PRESSURE DROPS BY 5-20 mmHG.
Term
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF A HR CHANGE OF LESS THAN THE EXPECTED MEAN?
Definition
A CHANGE IN HR OF LESS THAN 5bpm MEANS YOUR BODY DID NOT RESPOND -> AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION.
Term
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF A HR CHANGE OF MORE THAN THE EXPECTED MEAN?
Definition
A CHANGE OF MORE THAN 10 bmp MEANS YOUR BODY OVER COMPENSATED -> VOLUME DEPLETION.
Term
FOUR INSTANCES IN AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION?
Definition
BABY-> REILY DAY SYN.
DIABETIC-> NEUROPATHY.
PARKINSON-> SHY-GRAGER.
ELDERLY-> SICK SINUS SYND.
Term
WHAT IS THE PATHOLOGY OF SICK SINUS SYNDROME IN THE ELDERLY?
Definition
CAROTID SINUS IS SO CALCIFIED THAT IT DOES NOT RESPOND.
SICK SINUS MEANS PAUSING FOR MORE THAN ONE SECOND.
Term
WHAT IS THE PATHOLOGY OF REILY DAY SYNDROME?
Definition
BABIES BORN WITH NO AUTONOMIC REFLEXES
Term
WITH RESPECT TO THE CAROTID SINUS, WHAT SEQUENCE OF EVENTS TAKE PLACE WHEN YOU INCREASE YOUR FLUID VOLUME?
Definition
CAROTID SINUS INCREASES FIRING CNIX.
AND X INCREASES FIRING.
HR DECREASES (REFLEX BRADYCARDIA)
Term
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT TAKE PLACE WHEN YOU STAND FROM A SEATED POSITION (CAROTID SINUS)?
Definition
-BLOOD POOLS IN LEGS
-DECREASE VENOUS RETURN
-DECREASE EDV
-DECREASE STROKE VOLUME
-DECREASE FIRING OF CAROTID SINUS
-DECREASE FIRING OF CN IX AND CN X.
-INCREASED HR. REFLEX TACCHYCARDIA
-DECREASED BP 5-20 mmHG , INCREASED HR 5-10 mmHG.
Term
MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMEDIATE REGULATION OF BP?
Definition
CAROTID REFLEX VIA CAROTID SINUS
Term
MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERMEDIATE CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE?
Definition
NOREPINEPHRINE (ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS THEN BETA 1 RECEPTORS)
Term
MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR LONG TERM REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE?
Definition
KIDNEY
Term
WHAT SUBSTANCE IS THE MOST POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR IN THE BODY?
Definition
ANGIOTENSIN II
Term
TO WHAT STIMULOUS DO JG CELLS IN THE BODY RESPOND? WHAT IS THEIR RESPONSE?
Definition
-THEY RESPOND TO FLOW (I.E. VOLUME NOT PRESSURE)
-CAUSE THE RELEASE OF RENIN
Term
WHAT IS THE RATIONAL FOR USING A CAROTID MASSAGE?
Definition
MASSAGING THE CAROTID SINUS SIMULATES AN INCREASE IN STROKE VOLUME.
THIS CAUSES INCREASED FIRING OF CAROTID SINUS, INCREASED FIRING OF CNIX, AND X AND DECREASE IN HR.
Term
HOW DOES NOREPINEPHRINE REGULATE THE BLOOD PRESSURE?
Definition
IF CAROTID REFLEX IS NOT ENOUGH TO NORMALISE BP, NE IS RELEASED AND CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION VIA ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS, AND INCREASED HEART RATE VIA BETA 1.
Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CAROTID REFLEX?
Definition
THE CAROTID SINUS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMEDIATE REGULATION OF BP VIA REFLEX BRADY AND TACCHY.
Term
WHAT IS THE DIAGNOSIS FOR A PATIENT PRESENTING WITH INCREASED HEART RATE AND NORMAL BP?
Definition
HYPOVOLEMIC (COMPENSATED ) SHOCK
Term
WHAT ARE THE FIRST PHYSICAL SIGNS OF HYPOVOLEMIA?
Definition
FIRST SIGNS ARE POOR SKIN TURGER (MOTTLED SKIN),
INCREASE PULSE, AND DECREASED BOWEL SOUNDS.
Term
WHAT IS LENTIGO RETICULARIS?
Definition
HYPO-PERFUSION OF THE SKIN AS THAT DUE TO VASOCONSTRICTION IN SHOCK.
Term
TWO MOST IMPORTANT ACTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN II?
Definition
VASOCONSTRICTION
STIMULATE ALDOSTERONE RELEASE
Term
STEPS IN KIDNEY'S RESPONSE TO HYPOVOLEMIA:
Definition
-DECREASED FIRING OF CAROTID SINUS -> INCREASED NOREPINEPHRINE.
-NE->VASOCONSTRICTION VIA ALPHA1 RECEPTORS.
-RENAL VASCULATURE VASOCONSTRICTS.
-JG CELLS SENSE DECREASE FLOW AND RELEASE RENIN.
-RENIN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSINOGEN TO ANGIOTENSIN I.
-ANGIOTENSIN I IS CONVERTED TO ANGIOTENSIN II IN THE LUNGS BY ACE.
- ANGII->VASOCONSTRICTION->INCREASED TPR & DECREASED BP.
-ANGII STIMULATES RELEASE OF ALDOSTERONE.
-ALDOSTERONE CAUSES REABSORPTION OF SODIUM AND EXCRETION OF K IN THE KIDNEY, BUT RE-ABSORBS THREE TIMES MORE WATER THAN SODIUM & SECRETION OF H+
-THIS LEADS TO INCREASED VOLUME, INCREASED Na, AND LOW K+, INITIALLY.
-OVER TIME YOU HAVE LOW K+, LOW H+ (INCREASED PH), LOW Na+, LOW Cl-
-INCREASED TPR, INCREASED BP
Term
WHAT ARE THE ELECTROLYTES, PH, TPR, AND BP FOR ALL LOW VOLUME STATES?
Definition
LOW K+, LOW Na+, LOW Cl-, LOW H+, INCREASED PH, INCREASED TPR, INCREASED BP.
Term
WHAT ARE THE ONLY THREE EXCEPTIONS?
Definition
DIARRHEA (POOPING HCO3-)
RTA - RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (PEEING HCO3-)
DKA (KETONES)
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
Definition
SAME ELECTROLYTES, BUT HIGH H+
(LOW PH)
Term
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR HYPERTENSION IN HEART FAILURE?
Definition
ACE-INHIBITORS
Term
HEART BLOCK WITH FIXED LENGTHENING OF PR INTERVAL?
Definition
FIRST DEGREE
Term
HEART BLOCK WITH NORMAL PR INTERVAL AND ERRATIC LOSS OF QRS?
Definition
SECOND DEGREE (MOBITZ 2)
Term
WHICH TYPE OF HEART BLOCK HAS AV DISSOCIATION?
Definition
THIRD DEGREE
Term
HEART BLOCK WITH GRADUAL LENGTHENING OF PR INTERVAL AND ERRATIC LOSS OF QRS?
Definition
SECOND DEGREE (MOBITZ 1)
Term
HOW DO YOU TREAT THE VARIOUS TYPES OF HEART BLOCK?
Definition
1ST DEGREE -> NO TREATMENT
MOBITZ I -> PACER IF SYMPTOMS
MOBITZ II -> PACER
3RD DEGREE -> PACER
Term
COMPLICATIONS OF TEMPORAL ARTERITIS?
Definition
BLINDNESS
Term
ANOTHER NAME FOR TEMPORAL ARTERITIS?
Definition
GIANT CELL ARTERITIS
Term
HOW DO YOU DIAGNOSE TEMPORAL ARTERITS?
Definition
TEMPORAL ARTERY BIOPSY
Term
RULE OF 60'S FOR TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
Definition
AGE >60
ESR >60
60 MG OF PREDNISOLONE FOR TREATMENT
Term
WHICH SHOULD YOU DO FIRST IN TEMPORAL ARTERITIS, BIOPSY OR STEROIDS?
Definition
IF SYMPTOMATIC TREAT WITH PREDNISOLONE FIRST THEN BIOPSY.
IF ASYMPTOMATIC , BIOPSY, THEN PREDNISOLONE.
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
1- ONE MUSCLE HURTS:
Definition
MYOSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
2- SEVERAL MUSCLES HURT:
Definition
POLYMYOSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
3- MUSCLE PAIN WITH RASH:
Definition
DERMATOMYOSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
4- INFLAMED MUSCLE INSERTIONS
Definition
FIBROSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
5- PAIN OF MUSCLE AND MUSCLE INSERTIONS:
Definition
FIBROMYALGIA
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
6- SHOULDER GIRDLE HURTS THE MOST
Definition
POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
7- VISCERAL CANCER
Definition
DERMATOMYOSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
8- CAUSED BY RIFAMPIN,INH,STATINS, PREDNISOLONE,HYPOTHYROIDISM
Definition
MYOSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
TREATED WITH AMITRIPTYLINE
Definition
FIBROMYALGIA
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
10- INCREASE IN TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
Definition
POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
11- MULTIPLE TRIGGER POINTS:
Definition
FIBROMYALGIA
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
12- MUSCLE PAIN WHEN MOVING:
Definition
FIBROSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
13- HELIOTROPIC
Definition
DERMATOMYOSITIS
Term
GIVE THE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CONDITION:
14- THROBBING TEMPORAL HA
Definition
TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
Term
DRUGS THAT CAUSE MYOSITIS
Definition
RIFAMPIN
STATIN
PREDNISOLONE
INH
Term
DISEASE THAT CAUSES MYOSITIS
Definition
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Term
3 CLUES FOR BECKER'S OR DUCHENNE'S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY?
Definition
WADDLING GATE
GOWER'S SIGN
CALF PSUDOHYPERTROPHY
Term
CAUSE OF THE PSEUDOHYPERTROPHY SEEN IN THE CALF OF DUCHENNE'S OR BECKER'S
Definition
FATP DEPOSITION IN THE MUSCLE OF THE CALF
Term
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR MUSCULAR SCLEROSIS?
Definition
1- STEROIDS
2- BLOCKING IMMUNOGLOBULINS
3- PLASMAPHRESIS
4- IFN
Term
WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HALO VISION SEEN IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS? WHAT STRUCTURE DO MS LIKE TO ATTACK?WHAT IS THIS CALLED?
Definition
OPTIC NEURITIS
MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS
INTERNUCLEAR OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
Term
CLUES FOR DUCHENNE'S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY?
Definition
-X-LINKED RECESSIVE
-ONSET BEFORE AGE 5
Term
CLUES FOR BECKER'S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY?
Definition
-ONSET AFTER AGE 5
Term
ASCENDING PARALYSIS TWO WEEKS AFTER URI
Definition
GUILLAN BARRE
Term
CLUES FOR MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
Definition
INCREASED MUSCLE TONE
BIRD BEAK FACE
CAN NOT LET GO AFTER SHAKING HANDS
Term
NEUROPATHY IN GLOVE AND STOCKING DISTRIBUTION
Definition
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
Term
DISEASE WITH LANCINATING,SHOOTING,STABBING PAIN
Definition
SYPHILIS
Term
MIDDLE AGED WOMAN WITH OPTIC NEURITIS (EYE PROBLEM)
Definition
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Term
MIDDLE AGED WOMAN WITH PTOSIS
Definition
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Term
MS EQUIVALENT IN CHILDREN (5-10 YRS)
Definition
METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY
Term
MIDDLE AGED MAN WITH ASCENDING PARALYSIS
Definition
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
Term
ASYMMETRICAL PARALYSIS 2 WEEKS AFTER GASTROENTERITIS
Definition
POLIO
Term
FASCICULATIONS IN A NEONATE
Definition
WERDNIG HOFMAN
Term
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR GUILLAN BARRE?
Definition
INFLAMMATORY POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY
Term
3 NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES WITH FASCICULATIONS?
Definition
-WERDNIG HOFMAN
-POLIO
-ALS
Term
3 NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES THAT CAUSE CEREBELLAR SIGNS?
Definition
-FREDRICK ATAXIA
-ATAXIA TELANGECTASIA
-ADRENAL LEUKODYSTROPHY
Term
FASCIULATIONS ARE A SPECIFIC SIGN OF WHAT?
Definition
LOWER MOTOR NEURONE DAMAGE
Term
FASCICULATIONS IN A NEW BORN?
Definition
WERDNIG HOFFMAN
Term
FASCICULATIONS IN A MIDDLE AGED MAN?
Definition
ALS
Term
FASCICULATIONS 2 WEEKS AFTER GASTROENTERITIS?
Definition
POLIO
Term
CLUES FOR ATAXIA TELANGECTASIA?
Definition
CEREBELLAR SIGNS IN 5-10 YR OLD
SPIDER VEINS ON SKIN
IGA DEFICIENCY
Term
CLUES FOR FREDRICKS ATAXIA
Definition
-CEREBELLAR SIGN IN 5-10 YR OLD
-RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
-SCOLIOSIS
Term
CLUES FOR ADRENAL LEUKODYSTROPHY
Definition
PROBLEM METABOLISING LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
Term
DEFINITION OF CEREBRAL PALSY
Definition
PERMANENT NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE SUFFERED BEFORE THE AGE OF 21
Term
VASCULITIS 2 WEEKS AFTER A COMMON COLD
Definition
BERGER'S
Term
VASCULITIS IN SMOKING JEWISH PERSON WITH NECROTISING VASCULITIS
Definition
BUERGER'S
Term
VASCULITIS WITH FHX OF DEAFNESS AND CATARACT
Definition
ALPORTS
Term
2 WEEKS AFTER GASTROENTERITIS
STRAWBERRY TONGUE
Definition
KAWASAKI'S
Term
FIBRIN SPLIT PRODUCT
Definition
DIC
Term
TWO WEEK AFTER ECOLI GASTROENTERITIS
Definition
HUS - HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME
Term
FEVER, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, AND NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Definition
IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA
Term
VASCULITS OF MIDSIZE ARTERY PARTICULARLY IN GI AND KIDNEY
Definition
PAN
POLYARTERITIS NODOSA
Term
VASCULITIS WITH SINUSES, LUNGS AND KIDNEY INVOLVEMENT
Definition
WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS
Term
LINEAR IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ON GMB WITH LUNG INVOLVEMENT
Definition
GOODPASTURE'S
Term
PULMONARY INFILTRATES WITH EOSINOPHILIA
Definition
CHURG STRAUSS
Term
GLOMERUTLONEPHRITIS TWO WEEKS AFTER SORE THROAT
Definition
POST STREP GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Term
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS TWO WEEKS AFTER VACCINATION
Definition
SERUM SICKNESS
Term
ANTI-CARDIOLIPIN,ANTI-SM, ANTI-DSDNA ANTIBODIES:
Definition
SLE
Term
SEPTIC EMBOLI
Definition
SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
Term
2 MUSCLE TYPES LEAST AFFECTED BY NEUROMUSCULAR DISESAE? AN WHY?
Definition
SMOOTH MUSCLE AND CARDIAC MUSCLE BECAUSE THEY HAVE AUTONOMICS
Term
HOW DO YOU DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND MYASTHENIA SYNDROME?
Definition
MG GETS WEAKER WITH CONTRACTIONS
STRONGER WITH EDROPHONIUM TEST
MYASTHENIA SYNDROME GETS STRONGER WITH CONTRACTIONS, WEAKER WITH EDROPHONIUM TEST
Term
WHAT IS THE DEFECT IN MYASTHENIA SYNDROME?
Definition
THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS SLOW IN SEQUESTRATION OF CALCIUM LEADING TO STRONGER MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
Term
ANOTHER NAME FOR MYASTHENIA SYNDROME?
Definition
EATON LAMBERT SYNDROME
Term
WHAT CANCERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING DISEASES?
1- MYASTHENIA SYNDROME
Definition
SMALL CELL OF THE LUNG
Term
WHAT CANCERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING DISEASES?
2- MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Definition
THYMOMA
Term
WHAT CANCERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING DISEASES?
3- DERMATOMYOSITIS
Definition
VISCERAL CANCER
MOST COMMON IS A COLON CANCER
Term
DEFECT IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Definition
DEFECT IN THE DYSTROPHIN PROTEIN
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
1- EARLY ONSET
Definition
NONESENSE
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
2- LATE ONSET
Definition
MISSENSE
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
3- SUBSTITUTION FOR ONE OR TWO BASE
Definition
FRAME SHIFT (SILENT)
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
4- MAKES THE SAME PROTEIN
Definition
SILENT MUTATION
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
5- MAKES A DIFFERENT PROTEIN
Definition
MISSENSE MUTATION
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
6- MAKES A STOP CODON
Definition
NONESENSE MUTATION
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
7- PURINE TO PURINE
Definition
TRANSITION MUTATION
Term
NAME THE TYPE OF MUTATION
8- PURINE TO PYRIMIDINE OR PYRIMIDINE TO PURINE
Definition
TRANSVERSION MUTATION
Term
A MYASTHENIA GRAVIS PATIENT TREATED WITH NEOSTIGMINE PRESENTS WITH WEAKNESS , WHAT IS THE COURSE OF ACTION?
Definition
DETERMINE IF THIS IS A WORSENED MG OR CHOLINERGIC CRISIS DUE TO NEOSTIGMINE
-REPEAT EDROPHONIUM TEST
-IF SYMPTOMS IMPROVE, INCREASE NEOSTIGMINE
-IF SYMPTOMS WORSEN , ADMINISTER ATROPINE AND DECREASE NEOSTIGMINE DOSE
Term
WHAT STRUCTURES DOES FREDRICK'S ATAXIA AFFECT?
Definition
DORSAL COLUMN AND
SPINOCEREBELLAR PATHWAY
Term
WHAT STRUCTURE DOES ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY AFFECT?
Definition
CORTEX
Term
CP THAT AFFECTS LEGS MORE THAN ARMS
Definition
SPASTIC DIPLEGIA
(E.G. CMV)
Term
CP THAT AFFECTS ONE HALF OF THE BODY MORE THAN THE OTHER
Definition
SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA
(E.G. STROKE, TUMOUR, ETC)
Term
CP THAT AFFECTS THE BASAL GANGLIA
Definition
CHORIO ATHETOTIC
Term
CP WHERE THE PATIENT HAS NO TONE TO THE BODY
Definition
ATONIC
Term
INFECTIONS THAT CAN CAUSE SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA
Definition
CMV
Term
WHAT CAN CAUSE SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA?
Definition
STROKE
Term
WHAT CAN CAUSE CHORIO ATHETOTIC CP?
Definition
KERNICTERUS
Term
EXPLAIN THE VASCULITIS CONCEPT:
Definition
1- THE BLOOD VESSELS GET INFLAMED
2- INCREASED WHITE CELLS (T-CELLS AND MACROPHAGES)
3- FOR VASCULITIS THAT ARE ALSO COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE YOU SEE EOSINOPHILS
4- CELLS GET SHREDDED BECAUSE OF INFLAMED VESSEL WALLS->SCHISTOCYTES
5- ANEMIA BECAUSE RED BLOOD CELLS ARE SHREDDED ->LOW ENERGY STATE
6- THROMBOCYTOPENIA BECAUSE PLATELETS ARE SHREDDED->PETECHIAE, PURPURA, BLEEDING FROM MUCOSAL SURFACES.
7- HAPTOGLOBIN WILL BE LOW BECAUSE THIS IS AN INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS
8- MC SIGN: TACHYPNEA AND DYSPNEA
9- MC SYMPTOM:WEAKNESS AND SOB
10- MC INFECTION:UTI AND PULMONARY
11- MC CAUSE OF DEATH:HEART FAILURE BECAUSE OF INFLAMED CORONARY VESSESLS, EXCEPT LUPUS, THEY DIE OF RENAL FAILURE (BECAUSE THEY DESTROY THEIR KIDNEYS FIRST)
7-
Term
EXPLAIN THE NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE CONCEPT
Definition
1- IT DOESNT MATTER HOW, WHEN YOU HURT A NERVE OF MUSCLE YOU GET WEAKNESS
2- MC SYMPTOMS ARE SAME AS LOW ENERGY STATE:WEAKNESS AND SOB
3- MC SIGN ARE THE SAME AS LOW ENERGY STATE : TACHYPNEA AND DYSPNEA
4- MC INFECTIONS ARE THE SAME AS LOW ENERGY STATE: PULMONARY AND UTI
5- MC CAUSE OF DEATH IS NOT HEART FAILURE BECAUSE THE HEART HAS AUTONOMICS.COD IS RESPIATORY FAILURE.
6- OTHER SYMPTOMS: CONSTIPATION, URINARY RETENSION, IMPOTENCE, HYPOTENSIVE)
7- DIAPHRAGM FAILURE CAUSES PROBLEMS INSPIRING->DECREASED PO2->VASODILATION OF VESSELS IN BRAIN->HEADACHE
8- LOW PO2>VASOCONSTRICTION TO LUNGS->PULMONARY HTN->RVH->S4
Term
THE 23 TYPES OF VASCULITIS
Definition
1-BERGER'S
2-BUERGER'S
3-ALPORT'S
4-HENOCH-SCHOLER PUPURA
5-KAWASAKI
6-DIC
7-HUS
8-ITP
9-PAN
10-WEGENER'S
11-GOODPASTURE'S
12-CHURG-STRAUSS
13-PSGN
14-SERUM SICKNESS
15-CRYOGLOBULINEMIA
16-LUPUS
17-SBE
18-MPGN I, II
19-CREST
20-SCLERODERMA
21-PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (PSS)
22-THEMATIC ARTHRITIS
23-JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Term
ONLY VASCULITIS WITH NORMAL PLATELET COUNT
Definition
HSP
Term
ONLY VASCULITIS WITH HIGH PLATELET COUNT
Definition
KAWASAKI
Term
CAUSE OF DEATH IN ALL VASCULARITIES IS HEART FAILURE EXCEPT WHICH ONE? FROM WHAT DO THEY DIE?
Definition
LUPUS
RENAL FAILURE
Term
WHICH PROTEIN IS DECREASED IN ALL VASCULARITIES?
Definition
HAPTOGLOBIN
Term
WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPONSE SEEN IN ALL VASCULARITIES?
Definition
T CELL AND MACROPHAGES
Term
CLUES FOR ADRENAL LEUKODYSTROPHY
Definition
BABINSKI
ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITY
PROBLEM METABOLIZING LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
ADRENAL FAILURE
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
1- MUCOSITIS, RASH ON PALMS AND SOLES, CERVICAL LYMPH NODES, TEMP>102 FOR >3 DAYS
Definition
1- KAWASAKI
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
2- FEVER, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Definition
2- TTP
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
3- MID-SIZED ARTERIES, (GI AND RENAL), ASSOCIATED WITH HEP B AND P-ANCA
Definition
3- PAN
POLY ARTERITIS NODOSA
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
4- ALLERGIC VASCULITIS
Definition
4- CHURG-STRAUSS
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
5- CARDIAC INFECTION CAUSED BY STREP VIRIDANS
Definition
5- SBE
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
6- TRAM TRACK WITH C3 NEPHRITIC FACTORS IN BM
Definition
6- MPGN I
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
7- TRAM TRACK WITH LOW COMPLEMENT (DENSE DEPOSIT DISEASE)
Definition
7- MPGN II
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
8- MILDEST FORM OF SCLERODERMA- PATCHY INVOLVEMENT
Definition
8- CREST
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
9- ANTI-SCL70 AND ANTI-SM MUSCLE
Definition
9- SCLERODERMA
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
10- SCLERODERMA WITH ORGAN INVOLVEMENT
Definition
10- PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
(PSS)
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE :
11- SYMMETRICAL POLYARTERITIS,WORSE IN THE MORNING, PERIOSLER EROSION ON XRAY
Definition
11- RHEUMATOID ARTHERITIS
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
12- ARTHERITIS WITH IRIDESIS
Definition
12- JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHERITIS
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
13- RA+LEUKOPENIA+SPLENOMEGALY
Definition
13- FELTY'S
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
14- RA + GI ULCERS
Definition
14- BEHCET'S
Term
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CLUES NAME THE VASCULITIS:
15- RA + DRY EYES AND DRY MOUTH
Definition
15- SJOGREN'S
Term
NAME THE DISEASE:
1- VASCULITIS WITH GI BLEEDING, INTUSSUSCEPTION , NORMAL PLATELET COUNT
Definition
HSP
Term
VASCULITIS WHOSE MOST COMMON CAUSE IS SEPSIS
Definition
DIC
Term
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF RENAL FAILURE IN KIDS
Definition
HUS
Term
VASCULITIS WITH WHICH HEP B IS ASSOCIATED
Definition
PAN
(ASTHMA, GI, KIDNEY)
Term
VASRCULITIS THAT CAUSES PULMONARY INFILTRATE WITH EOSINOPHILIA
Definition
CHURG-STRAUSS
(ALLERGIC GRANULOMATOSIS)
Term
XEROPHTHALMIA/XEROSTOMIA
Definition
SJOGREN'S
Term
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ARTHRITIS IN A MIDDLE AGED FEMALE
Definition
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Term
ONLY ARTHRITIS THAT ATTACKS THE SYNOVIUM
Definition
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Term
S1 IS MADE BY?
Definition
CLOSURE OF MITRAL AND TRICUSPID VALVES
Term
S2 IS MADE BY?
Definition
CLOSURE OF MITRAL AND PULMONIC VALVES
Term
S3 MEANS
Definition
VOLUME OVERLOAD
DILATION
DECOMPENSATION
Term
S4 MEANS
Definition
PRESSURE OVERLOAD
HYPERTROPHY
COMPENSATION
Term
WHAT PRODUCES AN S2 SPLIT?
Definition
DELAYED CLOSING OF THE PULMONIC VALVE
Term
WIDE S2 SPLITING MEANS ?
Definition
-INCREASED OXYGENATION
-INCREASED VENTRICULAR VOLUME
-DELAYED PULMONARY CLOSURE
Term
NARROW S2 SPLITTING MEANS
Definition
DECREASED VOLUME IN THE LUNGS
Term
HOLOSYSTOLIC MURMURS
Definition
MITRAL REGURG
TRICUSPID REGURG
VSD
Term
FIXED S2 SPLITTING
Definition
ASD
Term
CONTINUOUS MURMUR
MACHINE LIKE MURMUR
Definition
PDA
Term
MID-SYSTOLIC CLICK
Definition
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
Term
WHAT IS THE NORMAL CVP
Definition
3-5
Term
WHAT IS THE NORMAL PCWP?
Definition
12
Term
THE SYSTOLIC COMPONENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE REPRESENTS ?
Definition
PRESSURE
Term
THE DIASTOLIC COMPONENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE REPRESENTS?
Definition
VOLUME
Term
EJECTION CLICK REPRESENTS?
Definition
SYSTOLIC MURMURS
Term
OPENING SNAPS REPRESENT
Definition
DIASTOLIC MURMURS
Term
WHAT FACTOR PRODUCES MURMURS?
Definition
TURBULANCE
Term
DO RIGHT HEART SOUNDS GET LOUDER ON INSPIRATION OR EXPIRATION?
Definition
INSPIRATION
Term
DOES LEFT HEART SOUND GET LOUDER ON INSPIRATION OR EXPIRATION?
Definition
EXPIRATION
Term
MCC OF AORTIC STENOSIS
Definition
AGE
<30 YO - BICUSPID VALVE
Term
MCC OF AORTIC REGURGITATION
Definition
AGING
COLLAGEN DISEASE
Term
MCC MITRAL STENOSIS
Definition
RHEUMATIC FEVER
Term
MCC MITRAL REGURGITATION
Definition
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
ENDOCARDITIS
COLLAGEN DISEASE
Term
MCC TRICUSPID STENOSIS
Definition
RHEUMATIC FEVER
CARCINOID
Term
MCC TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
Definition
ACUTE ENDOCARDITIS (MC IV DRUG ABUSE)
Term
MCC PULMONARY STENOSIS AND PULMONARY REGURGITATION
Definition
CONGENITAL ANOMALY
Term
CLUES FOR AORTIC STENOSIS
Definition
HEAD BOBBING
QUINKE'S PULSE
WIDE PULSE PRESSURE
WATERHAMMER PULSE
Term
WHAT IS THE NORMAL PULSE PRESSURE?
Definition
120-80=40
Term
HOW CAN YOU ACCENTUATE AORTIC STENOSIS?
Definition
-LEAN FORWARD
- MAKE A FIST
- BLOW UP A BP CUFF
- SQUAT
Term
HOW DO YOU ACCENTUATE IHSS
Definition
-VALSALVA
-STAND UP
Term
CLUES FOR IHSS
Definition
-ATHLETE WHO PASSES OUT
-HARSH SYRSTOLIC MURMUR
-PULSUS BIFERIENS
-DISORGANISED MYOFIBRILS ON BIOPSY
Term
WHAT CAUSES IHSS
Definition
THE INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM IS TOP HEAVY AND FALLS INTO THE VENTRICLE PREVENTING IT FROM EMPTYING DURING SYSTOLE
Term
DIASTOLIC BLOWING MURMUR
Definition
AORTIC REGURGITATION
PULMONIC REGURGITATION
Term
DIASTOLIC RUMBLING MURMUR
Definition
MITRAL STENOSIS
TRICUSPID STENOSIS
Term
SYSTOLIC EJECTION MURMUR
Definition
AORTIC STENOSIS
PULMONIC STENOSIS
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF EFFUSION?
Definition
TRANSUDATE
EXUDATE
Term
WHICH TYPE OF EFFUSION IS MAINLY WATER AND WHICH TYPE IS MAINLY PROTEIN?
Definition
TRANSUDATE IS MAINLY WATER
EXUDATE IS MAINLY PROTEIN
Term
WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF A TRANSUDATE?
Definition
INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO DISEASES THAT CAUSE INCREASED BODY FLUID AND LEAD TO A TRANSUDATE?
Definition
CHF
RENAL FAILURE
Term
WHAT TWO DISEASES CAUSE DECREASE IN BODY FLUID AND LEAD TO A TRANSUDATE?
Definition
CIRRHOSIS
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Term
WHAT IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF AN EXUDATE?
Definition
DECREASE IN ONCOTIC PRESSURE
Term
WHAT CAUSES PURULENT EXUDATES?
Definition
BACTERIAL INFECTION
Term
WHAT CAUSES GRANULOMATOUS EXUDATES?
Definition
NON-BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Term
WHAT CAUSES CASEATING EXUDATES?
Definition
TB INFECTION
Term
WHAT CAUSES FIBRINOUS EXUDATES?
Definition
-COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE
-UREMIA
-TB
Term
WHAT CAUSED HEMORRHAGIC EXUDATES?
Definition
-TRAUMA
-CANCER
Term
MCC OF RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY?
Definition
-COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE
-AMYLOIDOSIS
-HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Term
MCC OF CONSTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY?
Definition
-TAMPONADE
-CANCER
Term
MC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Definition
VSD
ASD
PDA
COARCTATION
Term
MC CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE AT 1 MONTH?
Definition
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Term
LIST 9 CYANOTIC HEART DISEASES
Definition
1-TRINCUS ARTERIOSIS
2-TRANSPOSITION
3-TRICUSPID ATRESIA
4-TETRALOGY
5-TOTAL ANOMALOUS VENOUS RETURN
6-PULMONARY ATRESIA
7-AORTIC ATRESIA
8-HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART
9-EPSTEIN ANOMALY
Term
CLUES FOR COARCTATION
Definition
RIB NOTCHING ON XRAY
DIFFERENTIAL PULSES
DIFFERENTIAL CYANOSIS
Term
CLUES FOR TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Definition
I-INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - VSD
H- HYPERTROPHIC LEFT HEART
O- OVER RIDING AORTA
P- PULMONARY STENOSIS
BLUE WHEN FEEDING
PINK WHEN CRIES
CHILD SQUATS WHILE PLAYING
Term
CLUES FOR TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS
Definition
SPIRAL MEMBRANE DID NOT DEVELOP
Term
CLUES FOR EPSTEIN ANOMALY
Definition
PREGNANT MOM RX WITH LITHIUM
TRICUSPID VALVE DEVELOPED IN RIGHT VENTRICLE
Term
CLUES FOR TOTAL ANOMALOUS VENOUS RETURN
Definition
SNOWMAN SIGN ON XRAY
Term
WHAT COMPONENT OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT DETERMINES THE PROGNOSIS?
Definition
THE DEGREE OF PULMONARY STENOSIS
Term
WHAT TWO FACTORS ARE USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER FLUID IS TRANSUDATE OR EXUDATE?
Definition
PROTEIN <2G -> TRANSUDATE
SG < 1.012 -> TRANSUDATE
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