Term
| hormones released by the endocrine system are called general hormones because |
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Definition
| the affect many different tissue types |
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Term
| what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine systems |
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Definition
exocrine systems release enzymes to the external environment through ducts like: sabacceous glands
endocrine system: release hormones directly into the blood stream |
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Term
| why are the effects of the endocrine system slower |
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Definition
| they are less direct because all endocrine hormones act by binding to receptors. some organ tissue has many receptors while others have very few receptors |
|
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Term
| what are the functions of the endocrine system |
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Definition
| alter metabolic activities, regulate growth and development, and guide reproduction |
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Term
| hormones exist in three basic chemistry types, what are they |
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Definition
| peptide, steroid hormones, tyrosine derivatives |
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Term
| discuss how peptides are manufactured from Rough ER to exocytosis |
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Definition
| peptide hormones are essentially peptides. They are manufactured in the rough ER as preprohormones. these preprohormones are then cleaved into the ER lumen as prrhormones where they travel to the Golgi appartus to be packaged into vesicles and sent via exocytosis |
|
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Term
| discuss how peptide hormones find a diffuse the effector cell (also called target cell) |
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Definition
peptide hormones are water soluble, thus are able to flow freely in the blood stream but have some difficulty diffusing through membranes
because of this, peptide hormones use receptor-bound membranes |
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Term
| context: once the peptide hormone is bound to the receptor, what kinds of effects might happen to the membrane |
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Definition
| the receptor may act as an ion channel and increase its permeablity to specific ions or it could lead to a second messenger such as cAMP, cGMP |
|
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Term
| what do second messengers do |
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Definition
| these activate or deactive enzymes and or ion channels which create a cascade effect of chemical reactions that amplify the hormone |
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Term
| what are the anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
| FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH and Prolactin |
|
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Term
| what are the posterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the parathyroid hormone |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the pancreatic hormones |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the classifications of peptide hormones |
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Definition
| anterior pituitary gland hormones, posterior pituitary gland hormones, parathyroid hormones and pancreatic hormones |
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Term
| context: steroid hormones, where are these hormones formed, how do they travel through the blood stream and how do they work on transcriptional levels |
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Definition
steroid hormones are derived from and often chemically associated with cholesteral and formed in the smooth ER
since they are not water soluble, they use a protein transport molecule to help them travel through the blood stream
since steroids are lipid soluble they can travel across the membrane of cells and even diffuse through the cytosal and into the nucleus-this is why they act transcriptional levels |
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Term
| what are the two groups of steroidal hormones |
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Definition
| adrenal gland hormones and gonadal hormones |
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Term
| what are the adrenal gland hormones |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the gonadal hormones |
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Definition
| estrogen, progesterone and testosterone |
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Term
| what are the types of tyrosine hormones |
|
Definition
thyroid hormones: T3, T4
catecholamines: norepinephrine and epinephrine |
|
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Term
| where are all tyrosine hormones formed |
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Definition
| they are formed by enzymes in the cytosal and rough ER |
|
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Term
| what is the difference in solubility of thyroid hormones and catecholamines |
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Definition
| catecholamines are water soluble (typically act through a second messenger mechanism), but thyroid hormones are not and need a plasma protein carrier to travel through the blood stream |
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Term
| a secondary effect of aldosterone is to increase blood pressure. would expected aldosterone levels be high or low in a person with low blood pressure |
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Definition
| since aldosterone increases blood pressure, and the body tries to bring blood pressure back to normal, the adrenal cortex should release more aldosterone into the blood |
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Term
| if ADH holds water in the body decreasing urine output and increasing blood pressure, does a person with high blood pressure have high or low ADH levels |
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Definition
| low ADH levels because ADH output responded to the body- this is negative feedback |
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Term
| the anterior pituitary gland secretes six major hormones, what are they |
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Definition
hGH-human growth hormone
ACTH-adrenocorticotrophin
TSH-thyroid-stimulating hormone
FSH-follicle-stimulating hormone
LH-leutinizing hormone
prolactin |
|
|
Term
| what is the functions of hGH |
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Definition
stimulates growth in all cells by increasing the number of episode of mitosis
it does this by increasing the amino acid transportation across the cell membrane |
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Term
| what is the function of adrencorticotropic hormone |
|
Definition
stimulate the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
these are stress hormones using a second messenger of cAMP
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|
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Term
| what is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
stimulate the release of T3 and T4 via second messenger system using cAMP
T3 and T4 have a negative feedback effect on TSH release |
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|
Term
| what is the function of prolactin |
|
Definition
| promotes lactation by the mammary glands (breats) of women |
|
|
Term
| what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the function of oxytocin |
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Definition
| oxytocin increase the uterine contractions during pregnancy |
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Term
| what is the function of ADH |
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Definition
| this is an antidiuretic hormone also called vasopressin which causes collecting ducts in the kidneys to become permeable to water thus decreasing the amount of urine excreted |
|
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Term
| what are the only types of hormones that the adrenal cortex secretes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of aldosterone |
|
Definition
increases the sodium and potassium activity
*(sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion)* |
|
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Term
| what is the function cortisol |
|
Definition
increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver
recall that this is a stress hormone
degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids to be used in cellular energy |
|
|
Term
| where are catecholamines formed |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the functions of catecholamines |
|
Definition
| they are vasoconstrictors of the skin and internal organs but are vasodilators of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| what are the functions of T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
increase the basal metabolic rate
and are affected by TSH |
|
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Term
| what is the function of calcitonin |
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Definition
| decrease the blood calcium by decreasing osteoclasts |
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|
Term
| what is the function of the peptide hormone insulin |
|
Definition
secreted by the pancreas, its job is to lower blood glucose levels
storing fat in adipose, glycogen in the liver and muscles |
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Term
| what is the function of the peptide hormone glucagon |
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Definition
| stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, increasing blood glucose levels |
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|
Term
| what is the function of the peptide hormone parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
| increase blood calcium, increase osteocyte absorption of calcium and phosphate form the bone and stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| surround and nurture the spermatocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is a viscous substance around the egg |
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|
Term
| when a zygote is comprised of eight or more cells its called a |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first outward sign of pregnancy |
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood and urine of the mother |
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|
Term
| during gastrulation what are the three primary germ layers |
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Definition
| ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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