1. Ribose phosphate
2. keto acids
3. pyruvate
4. acetate

functional groups are various combinations of carbon bonded together. the basis of monomers.

1. Mono nucleotides
2. amino acids
3. simple sugars
4. fatty acids/glycerol

1. nucleic acids
2. proteins
3. polysaccharides
4. lipids

• C₅H₇O₂N   Molecular weight = 113 g/mol
• Typical values based on typical composition. no "life" molecule
• Alternative to include P (1374 g/mol)
• Carbon is primary element of life
• Carbone may be oxidized or reduced

• Cell walls, membranes, storage products, etc. are polymers made from a predetermined set of monomers

Polymer                  Monomer

Lipids             Glycerol/fatty acids

Polysaccharides       carbohydrates

proteins                       amino acids

nucleic acids                  nucleotids

1. soluble in non-polar solvents
2. primarily in cell membranes
3. in many industrial waste streams
4. simple or complex
5. important components of simple lipids : short chain fatty acids : important intermediates in anaerobic metabolism leading to methane formation

1. general group of compounds
2. found in all cells (structural/storage)
3. most prevelant form of o matter in biosphere
4. basic component of diet (>50%)

• Most abundant mater in cells (by weight)
• 30%-70% dry weight
• All contain C,H,N,O and some have S
• Contribute to N loadings in waste treatment streams
• high concentrations in ag waste waters

• Functions

1. Biological Catalyst (enzyme)
2. Contractile Proteins
3. Transport Proteins
4. Glycoproteins

• Proteins are made up of amino acids connected via peptide bonds
• Peptide bond : covalent chemical bond b/t 2 molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other, releasing water
• All amino acids have an amine group & carboxyl group
• 21 different amino acids in living cells
• classified based on hydrophobicity

• Informational polymer for cell heredity (DNA, RNA)
• Energy carriers (ADP, ATP)
• Electron carriers (NAD, NADH)