Term
| What can the chemical energy released by glucose be used to make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two energies can be considered energy sources? |
|
Definition
| light energy or chemical energy |
|
|
Term
| Why can glucose be oxidized? |
|
Definition
| To release its chemical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This may be an oxidized carbon molecule such as CO2 or a reduced carbon molecule such as a disaccharide |
|
|
Term
| Which carbon source, CO2 or disaccharide, is used with plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which carbon source, CO2 or disaccharide, is used with animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most reactions discussed in class, what is the electron acceptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed to make ATP from a reduced carbon source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three elements that are used in plant fertilizer? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium |
|
|
Term
| What percent of volume in a cell is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do lots of things dissolve in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we classify the nutritional mode of organisms based on? |
|
Definition
| What energy source they use, what carbon source they use |
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 1, energy source is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 1, what is light used for? |
|
Definition
| To make ATP, as in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| The process of making ATP, as in photosynthesis, is characterized with what kind of organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 1, carbon source is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 1, CO2 can be reduced to form organic compounds… what is that reduced carbon compound used to make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 1, the process of making more ATP through the reduction of carbon compound is used for what organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of phototrophs? |
|
Definition
| Plants, algae, cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 2, energy source is what? |
|
Definition
| Chemicals taken from the environment |
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 2, how is energy gained? |
|
Definition
| From the oxidation of reduced carbon molecules such as glucose (makes ATP). |
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 2, the process of gaining more energy by the oxidation of reduced carbon molecules such as glucose is used for what organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 2, carbon source is what? |
|
Definition
| Organic, reduced carbon molecules such as glucose taken in from the environment |
|
|
Term
| For metabolic option 2, what organism is the carbon source associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of organoheterotrophs? |
|
Definition
| Animals, fungi, protozoans, parasitic plants, certain bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through digestive enzymes through substrates (absorption) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Huge colonies of cyanobacteria that put oxygen in the air…it created the ozone layer to block UV radiation and allowed for nutrition in which O2 is the major electron acceptor. |
|
|
Term
| What energy source do all living organisms use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the energy of the terminal phosphate bond produced? |
|
Definition
| By the breakdown of a glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the ATP molecule is hydrolyzed? |
|
Definition
| It releases energy that can be used to drive other reactions. |
|
|
Term
| What does glycolysis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For glucose to enter a cell, how does it come through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many reactions occur for glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For step 1 in glycolysis, what is the enzyme used to convert glucose into glucose 6-phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For step 2 in glycolysis, what is the enzyme used to convert glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between phosphofructokinase and ATP? |
|
Definition
| Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme. ATP is an allosteric effector inhibiting its activity. |
|
|
Term
| In steps 4 and 5 of glycolysis, what two 3-carbon molecules is aldolase split into? |
|
Definition
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis occur in a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must the products of all subsequent steps be counted twice? |
|
Definition
| To account for the fate of one glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
| In step 6 of glycolysis, what does NADH turn into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the production of ATP molecules in glycolysis called? |
|
Definition
| Substrate phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| What is alcohol fermentation? |
|
Definition
| When yeast cells and most plant cells can form ethanol and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| What is does it mean if a pathway is anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of pathways involve fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lactate fermentation? |
|
Definition
| Lactate is formed by a variety of bacteria, fungi, protists, and animal cells when oxygen is scarce or absent |
|
|
Term
| What happens as lactate accumulates in muscle cells during exercise? |
|
Definition
| It lowers the pH of the cells and reduces the capacity of muscle fibers to contract, producing the sensations of fatigue |
|
|
Term
| What molecules does fermentation produce and how do they help glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| NAD+ and they help glycolysis to continue because it provides the glycolysis pathway with NAD+ when oxygen is not available. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: There are more archaea and bacteria in your body than number of cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fossil record of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| 3.5 billion years ago (1.7 billion years before eukarya) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All bacteria are prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: What are the sizes of bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria- small archaea- small eukarya- ~10x larger |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: Do bacteria, archaea, and/or eukarya have nuclei? |
|
Definition
Bacteria- no archaea- no
eukarya- yes |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: Do bacteria, archaea, and/or eukarya have organelles? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria- no archaea- no eukarya- yes |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: Do bacteria, archaea, and/or eukarya have circular chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria- yes archaea- yes eukarya- no |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: What membrance structures do bacteria, archaea, and/or eukarya have? |
|
Definition
Bacteria- straight FA archaea- branched FA
eukarya- straight |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: What cell wall structure do bacteria, archaea, and/or eukarya have? |
|
Definition
Bacteria- peptidoglycan
archaea- varied
eukarya- varied |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: Do bacteria, archaea, and/or eukarya have DNA with histone protein? |
|
Definition
Bacteria- no archaea- yes
eukarya- yes |
|
|
Term
| Synapomorphies: Do bacteria, archaea, and/or eukarya have RNA polymerase (multiple or single)? |
|
Definition
Bacteria- single
archaea- multiple
eukarya- multiple |
|
|
Term
| As cell size increases, surface area to volume ratio _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate at which nutrients and waste products can pass into or out of a cell is _____ly proportional to cell size. |
|
Definition
| Inversely (rate decreases and size increases) |
|
|
Term
| What are transport rates? |
|
Definition
| A function of membrane surface area relative to volume and small cells have more surface area per cell volume. |
|
|
Term
| What size (small or large) cells have more surface area per cell volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size (small or large) cells have a more efficient exchange of nutrients with their surroundings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size (small or large) cells will have faster growth rates and larger population sizes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do bacteria have a nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape are the chromosomes of bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a plasmid (in bacteria)? |
|
Definition
| A segment of DNA capable of replication (small, circular pieces of DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What can be found in the cytoplasm of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Circular chromosome (DNA), plasmids (small, circular pieces of DNA), many macromolecules (proteins, etc), water, ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small particles of RNA & protein |
|
|
Term
| What is so special about ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| Site of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “little engines”… makes the bacteria motile (creates movement) |
|
|
Term
| Why do cells want a cell wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does a cell wall form? |
|
Definition
| Outside of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Why is a cell wall important for flagella? |
|
Definition
| It’s the anchor point for flagella |
|
|
Term
| Cell walls contain osmoregulation, what does that do? |
|
Definition
| Keeps the cell from bursting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When no electron acceptor (ex. Oxygen) is available (ex. Anaerobic), it allows a small amount of ATP to be made |
|
|
Term
| What does fermentation generate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the krebs cycle occur? |
|
Definition
| In the cytoplasm and plasma membranes of aerobic bacteria (inside the mitochondria of eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| For electron transport, most of the glucose molecule’s energy is stored in the electrons of what molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During electron transport, electrons are passed along what? |
|
Definition
| Carrier molecules (grouped into three protein complexes) |
|
|
Term
| As electrons are passed along carrier molecules to the low energy level of oxygen, what do they combine with to form water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the process of oxidative phosphorylation do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electron transport: What happens each time a pair of electrons passes from NADH to oxygen? |
|
Definition
| 3 molecules of ATP are formed from ADP and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What happens each time a pair of electrons passes from FADH2 to oxygen? |
|
Definition
| 2 molecules of ATP are formed |
|
|
Term
| How many ATP does glycolysis harvest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP does pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA harvest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP does krebs cycle harvest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are in 1 glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important product of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be characterized as eukarya? |
|
Definition
| Single-celled and multicellular algae; most plants |
|
|
Term
| How much of the earth’s atmosphere is carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does carbon dioxide enter the plant? |
|
Definition
| Through the leaves’ stomata |
|
|
Term
| What happens after carbon dioxide enters through the leaves’ stomata? |
|
Definition
| It then moves by diffusion into the leaf cells and then into the chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the oxidation of water? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen splits off from the hydrogen and is released into the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| Each type of light is composed of particles of energy called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is the longest wavelength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is the shortest wavelength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two colors are used extensively in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pigment that does the absorption |
|
|
Term
| What colored lights do chlorophyll absorb? |
|
Definition
| Violet, blue, and red light |
|
|
Term
| In an absorption spectrum, what do the peaks mean? |
|
Definition
| It means that those are the wavelengths which absorb the best lights |
|
|
Term
| Chlorophyll have a magnesium atom surrounded by four nitrogen atoms… what is this called? ( ____ ring.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pigment directly involved in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Chlorophyll (bluish green color) |
|
|
Term
| What are pigments grouped within? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pigments do each photosystem contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are antenna pigments? |
|
Definition
| They absorb light energy and pass it on to a special pair of chlorophyll molecules known as the reaction center. |
|
|
Term
| What is a reaction center? |
|
Definition
| When photon energy travels to the middle of the collection of chlorophyll molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do all cells possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an important molecule of all cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the model for the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who proposed the fluid-mosaic model? What year? |
|
Definition
| Singer and Nicolson in 1972 |
|
|
Term
| What does the phospholipid bilayer create? (hint- polarity) |
|
Definition
Creates a barrier to polar molecules since they are repelled by nonpolar (hydrophobic) membrane interior.
-also selected permiability |
|
|
Term
| What extend all the way through the plasma membrane and sometimes have peripheral proteins attached to them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things are associated with the oter layer of the membrane? |
|
Definition
| Glycoproteins and Glycolipids |
|
|
Term
| How are glycolipids bonded to carbon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the carbohydrate lipid component of glycolipids and glycoproteins appear to be involved in? |
|
Definition
| cell-to-cell recognition and in the adhesion of cells to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What five functions can plasma proteins serve as? |
|
Definition
serve as:
-channels
-carriers
-pumps
-receptors
-enzymes |
|
|
Term
| When a plasma proten can serve as a channel, what does that mean it is doing? |
|
Definition
| Channel from one side of protein to another |
|
|
Term
| When a plasma proten can serve as pumps, what does that mean it is doing? |
|
Definition
| carrier proteins but more specific (movement around cell) |
|
|
Term
| When a plasma proten can serve as a receptors, where is that going to be located? |
|
Definition
| outside of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| When a plasma proten can serve as a enzymes, what does that mean it is involved with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two characteristics of a molecule that determine whether or how easily it will pass through a membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the size of a molecule? |
|
Definition
| smaller molecules pass through more quickly |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the polarity of a molecule? |
|
Definition
| nonpolar molecules pass through more easily than polar molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of hydrophobic molecules that pass quickly through a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only way that large, uncharged polar molecules like glucose and starch can move? |
|
Definition
through the help of ions such as H+, Na+, HCO3-, CA2+, Cl-, Mg2+, K+
none without the help of active transport |
|
|
Term
| What are three ways molecules move through the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport |
|
|
Term
| How does Brownian Movement result? |
|
Definition
| It results when water molecules bump into the carbon particles of India ink. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the first person to describe a plant cell and what was interesting about it? |
|
Definition
| Hook-- looked at cells under microwave first |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion is the movement from an area of _____ (higher/lower) concentration to ______ concentration (higher/lower) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In diffusion, where do the molecules move along? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What coloring are molecules of water with diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two esssential characteristics of diffusion? |
|
Definition
-each molecule moves indepently of the others
-the molecules have a random motion |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion causes substances to be evenly distributed, what does that mean it reaches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the rate of diffusion depend primarily on? |
|
Definition
-temperature
-density of the medium |
|
|
Term
| The lower the density, the _____ (slower, faster) the rate of diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three of the few substances that freely diffuse across cell membranes? |
|
Definition
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
-water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of water through a differentially permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
| With osmosis, movement of water molecules occurs from a solution with a ____ (low/high) water potential to a solution with a ___ (lower/higher) water potention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In osmosis, when movement of water molecules goes from high water potential to lower water potential, what does that mean about the concentration of the water? |
|
Definition
high water potential (water more concentrated)
lower water potential (water less concentrated) |
|
|
Term
| In osmosis, movement of water molecules occurs from a ____ (lower/higher) solution concentration to _____ solute concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hypotonic solution? |
|
Definition
| higher water potential, less solute |
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms live under hypotonic conditions? |
|
Definition
| plants and algae that live in freshwater ponds |
|
|
Term
| How does a cell not burst as a hypotonic solution? |
|
Definition
| the cell wall stops it from bursting |
|
|
Term
| During osmosis, water molecules diffuse from ______ (hypotonic/hypertonic) solutions through a differentially permeable membrance into a _______ (hypotonic/hypertonic) solution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is turgor pressure? give an example. |
|
Definition
turgor pressure is an internal pressure causes by the vacuole pressing up against the cell wall.
Water normally diffuses into terrestrial plant cells which causes the vacuoles to do so |
|
|
Term
| When some molecules, such as sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides, cannot move through plasma membranes by simple diffusion, what other type of diffusion must take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With facilitated diffusion, molecules can move across the cell with the help of transport proteins from an area of _____ (low/high) concentration to an area of _____ concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With active transport, molecules travel from an area of _____ (low/high) concentration to an area of _____ (low/high) concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In active transport, what do the molecules require help from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pump is active in all cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sodium-potassium pump do? |
|
Definition
| It transports sodium ions to the outside and potassium ions to the inside of cells |
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to run a sodium-potassium pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in plant cells where the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis |
|
|
Term
| What does plasmolysis do to turgor pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain a hypertonic solution. |
|
Definition
-have more solute, less water
-higher concentrations of water molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the product of fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT produced in the Kreb's cycle?
a. ATP b. Pyruvic acid c. FADH2 d. oxaloacetic acid e. NADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four compounds/molecules that are produced in the Kreb's cycle. |
|
Definition
| FADH2, ATP, NADH, Oxaloacetic acid |
|
|
Term
| What atom is at the center of the "head" of every chlorophyll molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When RuBP combines with CO2 in the calvin cycle what is the first stable molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the nitrogen cycle, converting ammonium into nitrites and nitrates is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the nitrogen cycle, converting ammonium into nitrites and nitrates is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
