Term
| Where are sentinel cells typically found? |
|
Definition
| concentrated in peripeheral tissues |
|
|
Term
| How do sentinel cells recognize non-self cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do dendritic cells communicate with other cells to direct an immune response? |
|
Definition
-secrete cytokines
OR
-communicate directly with other cell via receptors |
|
|
Term
| ____ present to naive T cells while _____ present to memory T cells |
|
Definition
dendritic cells
macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What do dendritic cells do? |
|
Definition
| phagocytize antigens & present them to naive T cells |
|
|
Term
| Are macrophages involved in innate or acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are macrophages involved with the CMIR? |
|
Definition
| they are recruited as effector cells |
|
|
Term
| Which sentinel cells are involved with nutrient recycling & salmon testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do macrophages assist in resolution? |
|
Definition
| produce enzymes & growth factors |
|
|
Term
| What are sentinel cells derived from? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow tissues (hematopoietic tissue) |
|
|
Term
| Which sentinel cells are not derived from hematopoietic stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What induces differentiation of HSC? |
|
Definition
| growth factors & cytokines |
|
|
Term
| What directs new sentinel cells to their specific tissues? |
|
Definition
| chemokines specific to that type of cell |
|
|
Term
| What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system? |
|
Definition
dendritic cells
monocytes
macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Describe the steps of 'developing' cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system |
|
Definition
1. HSC & growth factors (e.g CSF) induce production of CMDP progenitors
2. CMDP progenitors converted to either CDP or monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system do NOT come from HSC? |
|
Definition
| Langerhans, Kupffer & microglial cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are mast cells found? |
|
Definition
| near skin & mucosal surfaces, near nerve endings, blood vessels etc |
|
|
Term
| Do mast cells have systemic or local effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells act as effectors during parasitic infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells mediate Ab-mediated atopic hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -spontaneous, complete degranulation of mast cells resulting in release of cytokines, inducing a severe inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| Which cells can undergo netosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when mast cells undergo netosis? |
|
Definition
-histones, granule proteins, mitochondrial & genomic DNA are released
-antimicrobial extracellular traps are formed |
|
|
Term
| What activates mast cells? |
|
Definition
| the binding of FcE receptors with IgE, forming cross links |
|
|
Term
| What activates chicken mast cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we know that activation of mast cells via IgE cross linking with antigens evolved rather late? |
|
Definition
| birds, amphibians, fish & reptiles do not have IgE |
|
|
Term
| What happens after two FcE receptors cross link? (5) |
|
Definition
-DAG & ITP produced
-Ca released within cell
-DAG interacts with Ca resulting in granule mobilization
-COX & LOX transcribed
-PLP A activated, resulting in production of arachidonic acid |
|
|
Term
| What types of mast cells are found in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are CTMC found? What do they contain? |
|
Definition
in connective tissue
-contain heparin |
|
|
Term
| Where are MMC found? What do they contain? |
|
Definition
in mucosal surfaces of intestines & lungs
-contain chondroitin sulfate |
|
|
Term
| What causes degranulation of mast cells to occur? (4) |
|
Definition
-IgE cross linking with antigens
-PAMPS / alarmins
-alpha agonist & beta antagonist (norepinephrine)
-histamine |
|
|
Term
| What will happen if an alpha antagonist or beta agonist interacts with a mast cell? |
|
Definition
| degranulation will be inhibited |
|
|
Term
| Which will result in mast cell degranulation, interaction with an alpha antagonist or an alpha agonist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils are a type of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If excess numbers of eosinophils are present, this indicates ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required for eosinophils to differentiate from myeloid tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would mast cell degranulation activate eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| degranulation releases IL-33 & IL-5 |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce IL-33 & IL-5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innate function of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| -release cytokines, chemokines & growth factors to influence the innate response |
|
|
Term
True or False
eosinophils are incapable of phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of immunoglobulins do eiosinophils express receptors for? |
|
Definition
all types!
but IgA / Fc-alpha is particularly important for some reason.... |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between netosis in mast cells vs eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| eosinophil netosis doesn't necessarily lead to cell death because they only rely on mitochondrial DNA |
|
|
Term
| what are the constituents of an eosinophil granule? What do they do? |
|
Definition
Cationic proteins - anthelminthic but also cytotoxic to host
RNAses - antiviral agents |
|
|
Term
| What cationic proteins are found in eosinophil granules? What do they do? |
|
Definition
MPO & EPO
-bind to helminths, increasing cell permeability
-this can be good, but also potential to be cytotoxic to host cells |
|
|
Term
| What things do eiosinophils produce which assist with tissue repair? (4) |
|
Definition
MMPs
TGF-B
pro-angiogenic factors
anti-angiogenic factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -degrade collagen, allowing for inflammatory cells to migrate to damaged tissue & the tissue to reorganize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pro-angiogenic
-promotes the presence of fibroblasts during healing? |
|
|
Term
| What pro-angiogenic factors are produced by eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anti-angiogenic factors are produced by eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| thrombospondin & endostatin |
|
|
Term
| What is arachidonic acid transcribed to, and by what mechanisms? |
|
Definition
Transcribed to eicosanoid lipids
LOX transcribes into leuoktrienes
COX transcribes into prostaglandins |
|
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