Term
| this term refers to how a drug is absorbed, how it is delivered to the target site, how it is metabolized, how it is excreted |
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Definition
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Term
| this term defers to the drugs specific action, and its clinical effects |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of distribution routes |
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Definition
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Term
| fast acting distribution route |
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Definition
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Term
| convenient and most common distribution route |
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Definition
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Term
| parenteral distribution is absorbed how? |
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Definition
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Term
| enteral distribution routes is absorbed how? |
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Definition
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Term
| forms of parenteral distributon |
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Definition
| injection, sublingual, inhalational |
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Term
| forms of parenteral injection distribution |
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Definition
| IV, sub-cuatenous, intramuscular (IM), intrathecal |
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Term
| 3 distribution routes of enteral distribution |
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Definition
| oral, rectal, transdermal |
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Term
| organ which provides the major excretory function for cardiovascular drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| children metabolize drugs ______ than adults |
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Definition
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Term
| metabolism in the elderly is slower making them more suspectible to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what drugs could induce an overdose toxicity in the elderly? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs that have a narrow dosage effect and the potential to cause overdose toxicity require what? |
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Definition
| routine blood level monitoring |
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Term
| Class I antiarrhythmics specific action |
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Definition
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Term
| Class I antiarrhythmics clinicial effect |
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Definition
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Term
| lidocaine (xylocaine) action |
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Definition
| slow myocardial conduction (shorter refractory period) |
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Term
| Lidocaine adverse effects (non underlined) |
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Definition
| aggravation of some arrhythmias, visual disturbances, nausea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rhythmol adverse effects (2) |
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Definition
| arrhythmogenic during exercise, defibrillation problems |
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Term
| Class II Anti-Arrhythmics specific action |
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Definition
| beta blockers (beta adrenergic antagonists). non selective or selective |
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Term
| beta 1 receptors have an affinity for... |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepenephrine |
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Term
| pt's with this condition would probably not be on a beta blocker |
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Definition
| decreased LV function, if EF<35% use with caution |
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Term
| which receptors do nonselective beta blockers block? |
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Definition
| beta1 and beta2 receptors |
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Term
| 2 Class I Anti-Arrhythmics |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 names of nonselective beta blockers |
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Definition
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Term
| nonselective beta blockers: use (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| nonselective beta blockers: action |
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Definition
| slow down conduction through the myocardium and cause smooth muscle relaxation |
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Term
| nonselective beta blockers: adverse effects (5) |
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Definition
| decrease CO, cause bradycardic dysrhythmias, bronchospasm, cold extremities, masking of hypoglycemia |
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Term
| Selective beta blockers types (5) |
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Definition
| metoprolol, lopressor, atenolol, carvediolol, propranolol |
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Term
| selective beta blockers: use, action, adverse effects |
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Definition
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Term
| selective beta blockers: why does this type have fewer peripheral side effects than nonselective? |
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Definition
| selective are only active at beta 1 receptors |
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Term
| Class III antiarrhythmics are used almost exclusively for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Class III antiarrhythmics are used almost exclusively for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Class III antiarrhtymics names (1) |
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Definition
| amiodraone (-arone usually means Class III) |
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Term
| class III antiarrhythmics adverse effects |
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Definition
| pulmonary toxicity, liver damage |
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Term
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Definition
| sublingual nitroglycerine, nitrolingual spray |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| nitrates adverse effects (2) |
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Definition
| ischemic headache, hypotension |
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Term
| 2 other forms of nitrate delivery |
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Definition
| nitro patch or nitro ointments |
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Term
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Definition
| transderm nitro, nitrodisc, nitrodur |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| use of nitrate patches/ointments |
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Definition
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Term
| action of nitrate patches/ointments |
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Definition
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Term
| adverse effects of nitrate patches/ointments |
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Definition
| hypotension, drug tolerance may occur with continuous use |
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Term
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Definition
| venodilators, arteriodilators |
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Term
| how do venodilators work? |
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Definition
| reduce preload by decreasing volume to increase length tension relatinships |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do arterodilators work |
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Definition
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Term
| example of a ateriordilator |
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Definition
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Term
| what are vasodilators usd for (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| direct vasodilaton to decrease peripheral resistance |
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Term
| adverse effect of a vasodilator |
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Definition
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Term
| what does ACE inhibitor stand for? |
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Definition
| angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor |
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Term
| What happens to the kidneys as a result of CHF? |
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Definition
| blood flow to the kidneys stimulates release of rennin. Renin initiaties a chain of events, which ultimately results in the body absorbing increase amounts of fluid exacerbating CHF further |
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Term
| what does an ACE inhbitor do |
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Definition
| inhibits vasoconstriction, decreases sodium and water reabsorption |
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Term
| Examples of ACE Inhibiotors (3) |
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Definition
| vasotec, Accupril, Monopril |
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Term
| what conditions would a ACE inhibitor be used for |
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Definition
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Term
| ACE inhibitor side effects |
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Definition
| minor Gi disturbances, skin rashes, dry mouth |
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Term
| ACE inhibitors can used in pt's without failure but have what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| angiotensin II receptor blockers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the use of ARBS has the same effect as what other rx? |
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Definition
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Term
| ARBS are used in what conditions (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| block Angiontensin II (vessel constrictor) from binding at receptors so vessels will either dilate or at least not constrict |
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Term
| adverse effects of ARBS (6) |
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Definition
| cough, hyperkalemia, low BP, dizziness, headache, drowsiness |
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Term
| Reductase inhibitors are a fancy way to say what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| reductase inhibitor examples |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decrease production of LDL |
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Term
| lipitor, crestor adverse effects (2) |
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Definition
| mild GI disturbance, minor myalgia |
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Term
| general action of thrombolyic agents |
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Definition
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Term
| how quickly must a thrombolytic agent be given? |
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Definition
| within 4-12 hours from onset of s/s |
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Term
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Definition
| streptokinase, recombinant tPA, retovase |
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Term
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Definition
| acute MI to re-establish coronary blood flow |
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Term
| thrombolytic adverse effects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heparin, coumadin, lovenox, asprin, plavix |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent and treat thromboembolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| short term. given via IV or subcutaneous shot |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent and treat thromboembolism |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks vitamin K and other clotting agents |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long term instead of heparin |
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Term
| what must the pt do when taking heparin or coumadin? |
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Definition
| clotting times msut be measured to insure proper dosing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| partial thromboplastin time |
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Term
| what does prothrombin time measure |
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Definition
| measures extrinsic and pathway means of clotting |
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Term
| what does partial prothrombin time measure |
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Definition
| intrinsic and pathway means of clotting |
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Term
| International Normalized ratio (INR) has what normal values for prophylactic treatment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| difference between PTT and PT |
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Term
| Low molecular weight heparin aka |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prevent and treat thromboembolism |
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Term
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Definition
| de-activates thrombin to prevent fibrin clot |
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Term
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Definition
| small chance of hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| does not affect clotting times so PT and INR not needed |
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Term
| Aspirin, Plavix, Reopro: use |
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Definition
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Term
| Aspirin, Plavix, Reopro: action |
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Definition
| prohibit platelet induced thrombus |
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Term
| Aspirin, Plavix, Reopro: adverse effects |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium channel blocker examples |
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Definition
| caridzem, procardia, cardene, norvasc, verapimil |
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Term
| Ca2+ calcium channel blockers: use (3) |
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Definition
| HTN, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery spasm |
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Term
| Ca2+ calcium channel blockers: action |
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Definition
| inhibit calcium influx into cardiac and smooth muscle, prevent vasoconstriction, reduces myocaridal contractility, and slows conduction |
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Term
| Ca2+ calcium channel blockers:adverse effects (2) |
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Definition
| bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| increase renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes |
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Term
| diuretics adverse effects |
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Definition
| hypokalemia and fluid delpetion that may cuase ectopic arrhytmias, hypotension |
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Term
| cardiac glycosides have 2 effects what are they |
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Definition
| positive inotropic effect, dromotropic effect |
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Term
| cardiac glycosides have a positive inotropic effect doing what to the heart |
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Definition
| increases myocardial contraction force |
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Term
| cardiac glycosides have a dromotropic effect meaning they do what to the heart? |
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Definition
| slows conduction at AV node to allow increased filling time |
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Term
| exampes of cardiac glycosides (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| cardiac glycosides are used for what |
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Definition
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Term
| cardiac glycosides action |
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Definition
| improves myocardial contractility by increasing calcium concentrations, reducing end diastolic pressure, decreases AV nodal conduction to allow greater filling time |
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Term
| cardiac glycosides adverse effect |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| at what point does digitalis become toxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic stimulator examples |
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Definition
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Term
| when are sympathetic stimulators used? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| dopamine is good for what condition |
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Definition
|
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Term
| use of dopamine may have this side effect |
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Definition
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Term
| dobutamine clnical effect |
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Definition
| increases Ca2+ in the cell |
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Term
| dobutamine increases Ca2+ in the cell therefore... |
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Definition
| increases SA node firing, AV node conduction, and contractility |
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Term
| sympathetic stimulators action |
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Definition
| prolong the effect of sympathetic action, increase myocardiacl contraction and BP |
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Term
| sympathetic stimulators adverse effects |
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Definition
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Term
| major precaution of sympathetic stimulators |
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Definition
| pt's must be weaned ASAP, can cause receptor desnsitiziation |
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Term
| where can drug receptors be located? |
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Definition
| ANS, kidneys, smooth muscles |
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Term
| how should children take medication? |
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Definition
| smaller more frequent dosages |
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Term
| What is Lidocaine used for |
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Definition
| acute PVC's, ventricular arrythmias with MI's |
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Term
|
Definition
| bradycardia (decreased excitation may aggravate bradycardia) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ventricular tachycardia (VT), PVCs |
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Term
| what happens to the heart if a beta1 receptor is bound with epinephrine/norepinephrine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| nonselective betablockers can mask hypoglycemia meaning what? |
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Definition
| pt thinks they are fatigued from HR being so low but fatigue is d/t hypoglycemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| pro-long repolarization to slow and stabilize the heart rate |
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Term
| benefit of using nitropatches/ointments |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| facilitates clost dissolution (dissolving of the clot) |
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Term
| what conditions is streptokinase used for? |
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Definition
| strokes and heart attacks |
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Term
| what is Retovase used mainly for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| anticoagulants work more through... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do subcutneous shots usually go into? |
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Definition
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Term
| if the medical professionals are unsure of the timing of the MI what anti coagulant will be given to the pt? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the purpose of giving a pt heparin if the medical professional is unsure of the timing of the MI? |
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Definition
| help thin the blood though the clot cannot be dissolved |
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|
Term
| PT-prothrombin time normal value |
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Definition
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Term
| PTT-partial thromboplastin time normal value |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what must the INR value be to break up clots (treat the pt therapeutically) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug listed as an anticoagulant but is not a true anticoagulatn |
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Definition
|
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Term
| action of aspirin as an anticoagulant |
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Definition
| keeps platelets from forming together |
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Term
| when are diuretics used (3) |
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Definition
| CHF when in fluid overload, HTN, general peripheral edema (to a lesser degree) |
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Term
| diurectics can drop potassium levels too much resulting in what |
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Definition
| hyper-excitable heart (ectopic arrythmias) |
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Term
| diuretics can cause too drastic a fluid loss result n what |
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Definition
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|
Term
| GI disturbances assoicated with cardiac glycosides |
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Definition
| upset stomach, burning stomach, diarrhea, vomiting |
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|
Term
| CNS disturbances of cardiac glycosides |
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Definition
| dizziness, seeing spots, syncopal episodes, numbness disturbances, coordination/balance issues |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit vasoconstriction, decrease water and sodium reabsorption |
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|
Term
| how does Niacin decrease blood lipid levels? |
|
Definition
| lower LDL and triglycerides by decreasing LDL synthesis |
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