Term
| What are the effector immune cells? |
|
Definition
granulocytes
monocyte-derived macrophages
humoral proteins |
|
|
Term
| Where are sentinel cells found? |
|
Definition
| in tissues (usually peripheral tissues) |
|
|
Term
| What do sentinel cells do? |
|
Definition
| recognize tissue damage/infection via PRRs & become activated, releasing a variety of molecules |
|
|
Term
| How do sentinel cells recognize tissue damage / infection? |
|
Definition
| PRRs recognize danger-associated molecular patterns such as PAMPs and alarmins |
|
|
Term
| What molecules are released by sentinel cells upon activated? |
|
Definition
vasoactive compounds
pro-inflammatory cytokines
chemokines
antimicrobial peptides & proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the bird version of a neutrophil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the initial influx of immune effector cells |
|
Definition
| granulocytes are immediately recruited, then replaced by monocyte-derived macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What is the Stranger hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| an innate level of non-self recognition occurs as PRRs on sentinel cells recognize PAMPS |
|
|
Term
| What PAMPS would be recognized by a PRR to identify a gram positive bacteria such as staphylococcus? |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycans & lipoteichoic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophils / heterophils |
|
|
Term
| What PAMPS would be recognized by a PRR to identify a gram negative bacteria such as e coli? |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycans & lipopolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| What PAMPS would be recognized by a PRR to identify an acid-fast bacteria such as mycobacteria? |
|
Definition
| glycolipids & lipoarabinomannan |
|
|
Term
| What PAMPS would be recognized by a PRR to identify a fungus? |
|
Definition
mannoprotein
B glucan
chitin |
|
|
Term
| What PAMPS would be recognized by a PRR to identify a vrius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hypothesis explains the presence of inflammation in sterile invironments? |
|
Definition
Danger Hypothesis
-damaged or dying cells activate sentinel cells by releasing alarmins |
|
|
Term
| Uric acid, fibrinogen, defensins, DNA histones etc are all examples of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compound is normally found in the nucleus, initiates cell death when in the cytoplasm and acts as an alarmin when extracellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
HMGB1 is very specific in what receptors it will bind to |
|
Definition
| false, it binds to a variety of receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of TLRs recognize PAMPS on extracellular pathogens? |
|
Definition
membrane-bound TLRs
TLR 1,2,4,5,6,11 |
|
|
Term
| What types of TLRS recognize PAMPS on intracellular pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What TLRs bind to viral nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What TLRs bind to bacterial CpG DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do TLRs recognize intracellular pathogens? |
|
Definition
| the bind to DNA that is less methylated than the host DNA would be |
|
|
Term
| What TLR complex would recognize lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid & zymosans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What TLR complex would recognize mycobacterial peptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does TLR4 recognize? |
|
Definition
| host alarmins such as fibrinogin, heparin sulfate, HMGB1 |
|
|
Term
| What avian TLR is related to the mammal TLR 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What TLR do birds not have? What do they have instead? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bird TLR is orthologous to TLR 21 in fish & amphibians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When LPS binds to TLR 4, instigating a potent inflammatory reaction leading to septic shock |
|
|
Term
| How are sentinel cells activated by LPS? |
|
Definition
LPS aggregates & is transferred to CD14
CD14 binds to TLR 4
2 possible activation pathways can be followed
LPS will dissociate from CD14 |
|
|
Term
| What signaling pathway activates lots of kinase-dependent pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is activated via the MyD88 independent pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mammal TLR does NOT use the MyD88 dependent pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from the MyD88 dependent pathway? |
|
Definition
-NFkB translocated
-Caspase-1 is assembled in inflammosome, cleaving pro IL-1,6,8 & TNF-alpha into their bioactive forms |
|
|
Term
| What results from the MyD88 independent pathway? |
|
Definition
-IRF-3 activated
-type 1 IFN expressed
-IFN-inducible genes are expressed |
|
|
Term
| Why are fish & amphibians resistant to LPS/endotoxemia? |
|
Definition
don't have CD14
don't have TLR-4
don't have LPS-BP |
|
|
Term
| Which fish are susceptible to endotoxemia? |
|
Definition
| most are not, except for zebra fish as they have paralogues TLR4 alpha and TLR4 beta |
|
|
Term
| Why are birds less susceptible to mammals to endotoxemia? |
|
Definition
don't have CD14
don't have IRF3 so the MyD88 independent pathway is not responsive |
|
|
Term
| What PAMPs do G-type lectin membrane receptors recognize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What PAMPs does CDM recognize? |
|
Definition
LPS
peptidoglycan
lipoarabinomannan |
|
|
Term
| What PRR is important for maintaining host tolerance to commensal bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What PRR recognizes viral RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals do not have RIG-1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Chickens do not have CD-1 genes |
|
Definition
False
they have 2 types of CD-1 genes |
|
|
Term
| What is the only TLR with anti-inflammatory properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What PRR presents vitamin antigens to MAIT cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
amphibians do not have MR-1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What PRR evolved from duplication of the MHC-1 family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do CD-1 PRRs bind to? |
|
Definition
|
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