Term
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Definition
| cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
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Term
| principle of complementarity |
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Definition
1. structure dictates function
2. the biochemical reactions occurring in a cell are dictated by the subcellular structures present in the cell, i.e certain cells are not capable of certain functions b/c they do not contain certain structures |
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Term
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Definition
1. plasma membrane (defines boundaries)
2. cytoplasm (interior of cell between plasma membrane and nucleus)
3. Nucleus (contains genes which control activities of the cell) |
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Term
| plasma membrane characteristics |
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Definition
1. 2 rows of phospholipids
2. Fluid, constantly moves, sways sideways
3. Cholesterol inserted to make more stable, maintain integrity |
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Term
| 2 membrane proteins associated with the plasma membrane |
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Definition
1. integral proteins
2. peripheral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| embedded in the plasma membrane, exposed on one or both faces of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to the extracellular face of the protein on the periphery of the cell |
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Term
| 2 faces of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
1. extracellular (external face)
2. cytoplasmic face (internal) |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins in plasma membrane are in constant flux, shape changes constantly |
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Term
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Definition
| integral proteins exposed on both surfaces |
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Term
| 6 functions of membrane proteins |
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Definition
1. Transport
2. Enzymatic activity
3. Receptors
4. Intercellular joining
5. cell-cell recognition
6. attachment to the cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins act as transporters for hydrohpilic substances that cannot cross the hydrophobic border |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to hormones and neurotransmitters so that biological actions can be carried out |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein in the membrane may be an enzyme with it's active site facing the solution so that signal transduction mechanisms can be carried out |
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Term
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Definition
| forms membrane junctions that can guide cellular migration and other cell-to-cell interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| attach to membrane proteins in the cytoplasm face of the plasma membrane to maintain the shapes of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates attached to peripheral proteins extend from the extracellular face and can attach to other structures |
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Term
| 2 types of cell-cell recognition |
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Definition
glycolipids attach to phospholipid heads to form carbohydrates
glycoproteins attach to proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| specific area on the surface of a cell that is rich in glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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Term
| signs of pre-cancerous activity |
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Definition
| pattern of carbohydrates in glycohalyx is unique to each cell type; therefor changes in the pattern are indicative of precancerous cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. tight junction
2. desmosome
3. gap junction |
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Term
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Definition
fusion of integral proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells forming an impermeable junction
most common type, found in epithelial tissue |
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Term
| desmosome (anchoring junction) |
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Definition
linker proteins extending from plaques on the cytoplasmic surface interdigitate to hold cells together
found in tissues subjected to pressure |
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Term
| gap junction (communicating junction) |
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Definition
| formed by connexons (hollow cylinders) between cells, allows for rapid transfer of ions |
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Term
| membrane transport (2 main types) |
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Definition
1. Passive processes
2. active processes |
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Term
| Passive processes (2 types) |
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Definition
substances cross the plasma membrane without any energy input
1. Diffusion
2. Filtration |
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Term
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Definition
movement of substances from area of higher concentration to lower concentration
1. simple
2. facilitated
3. osmosis |
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Term
| Active processes (2 types) |
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Definition
cell provides energy required to move substances across the plasma membrane
1. active transport
2. vesicular transport |
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Term
| Vesicular transport (2 types) |
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Definition
| exocytosis and endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. phagocytosis
2. pinocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| non-polar, hyrdrophobic, lipid soluble substances diffuse through the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| transport of large/polar substances by carrier proteins embedded in plasma membrane. Carrier proteins exhibit saturation and specificity through shape or charge |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water from high H2o concentration to low H2O concentration (or from low solute concetration to high solute contration, ie. water "follow" solutes) |
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Term
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Definition
| specific channels for water movement |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of solution inside and outside of the cells is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| higher solute concentration is outside of the cell, thus water flows out of the cell, cells shrink |
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Term
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Definition
| lower solute concentration is outside of the cell, thus water flows into the cell, cells burst |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solution from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure (down a pressure gradient) |
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Term
| active transport (solute pumping) |
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Definition
movement from area of low concentration to high (requires energy/ATP)
exhibits saturation and specificity
example, sodium/potassium pump |
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Term
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Definition
movement of substances enclosed in vesicles form the interior of the cells to the exterior
removal of metabolic wastes (all cells undergo)
secretory cells secrete products via exocytosis (hormones, enzymes) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of substances from the exterior to the interior |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solid particles from the exterior into the cell, enclosed in vesicles (phagosomes). Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes to digest |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that perform phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solution (liquid) in cells, liquid is enclosed in vesicles |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| substances bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cell, coated pits form to transport substances into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of substances across a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular movement of substances from organelle to organelle |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
established by partial/selective permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium diffusion over sodium diffusion
plasma membrane is 75 times more permeable to potassium than sodium. So more potassium flows out of the cell compared to sodium into the cell. Creates a negative charge on the surface of plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of cytosol (viscous, semitransparent fluid |
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Term
| 2 types of cytoplasmic organelles |
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Definition
membranous (mitochondria, ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisiomes)
non-membranous (ribosomes, cytoskeleton) |
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Term
| mitochondria characteristics |
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Definition
contain own DNA and are self-replicating
inner membrane contains cristae which houses enzymes that break down food products for ATP production |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of 2 globular subunits (small and large), consisting of protein and rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| produce proteins that stay in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesize proteins that are transported to plasma membrane or exported |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum characteristics |
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Definition
rough (ribosome studded), smooth
rough ER--membrane factory because it synthesis integral proteins and phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
modifies, packages, and tags proteins
produces three types of vesicles, secretory, plasma membrane, lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as tracks to transport intracellular substances |
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Term
| centrioles form 2 types of extensions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the apical surface of cells
cilia beat to create movement across cell surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
single, longer layer of extension
beats to propel the cell it extends from
sperm are only flagellated cell in the human body |
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Term
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Definition
| provide tensile strength by resisting pulling forces, given specific names in specific cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| have smallest diameter, arrangement is unique to each cell |
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