Term
| Exercise Improves: peripheral... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Exercise Improves: control of this condition |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Exercise Improves: increases this fat |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| BMI (imperial measurements) |
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Definition
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Term
| Men's waist size should not exceed |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Women's waist size should not exceed |
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Definition
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|
Term
| People should increase intake of good fats, with good sources such as (2) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| people should increase intake of high soluble fiber as it does what? |
|
Definition
| pulls LDL through the GI system before it is absorbed |
|
|
Term
| which carbs are the ones adding to plaque formation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| essential lipoprotien needed for cell wall generation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cholesterol is an essential lipoprotein needed for what |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does cholesterol get into the body |
|
Definition
| produced in the body, introduced from the foods that we eat |
|
|
Term
| what is the good cholesterol |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hte bad cholesterol |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| reducing fats in the diet can only reduced cholesterol levels by how much? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which fat intake would increase cholestserol bulid up |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| as a whole, what will have more cholesterol? animal or vegetable products? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lipoproteins manufcatured from sugars and carbss |
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Definition
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Term
| hyperlipiedemia is diagnosed as an excess of what any 4 measurements? |
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Definition
| triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL's, Ratio |
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|
Term
| Lipid profiels are often drastically reduces immediately after what? |
|
Definition
| a major medical event such as MI or surgery and therefore unreliable to measure after such events |
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|
Term
| Why are lipid profiles unreliable post MI or surgery? |
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Definition
| lipid profiles are often drastically reduced after such events |
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Term
| Gender to have silent or undiagnosed episodes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when do risk profiles for the 2 genders equlaize? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, nutritiion, HBP, dieatery fat/blood lipids, elevated glucose levels, alcohol |
|
|
Term
| How much exercise per week to stall progression of CAD |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 1600 kcal of exercise per week is equivalent to what |
|
Definition
| moderate walking 30 mins/day 3 days/week. needs to be breathign heavy |
|
|
Term
| how much exercise is needed to regress CAD |
|
Definition
| 2200 kcal of exercise per week |
|
|
Term
| For every 1 MET level that a person can increase their exercise capacity, how much does it decrease mortality rate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many METS is daily activity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How vigorous does exercise have to be? |
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Definition
| only moderate, 30 mins 3x week |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| saturated fats, sugars, processed carbs |
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|
Term
| 2 other factors for diet control |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| good sources of polyunsatured fats (3) |
|
Definition
| fish, vegetables, low fat dairy |
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|
Term
| Which fats should have a limited intake? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of good lean proteins |
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Definition
| low fat dairy, greek yogurt, nuts, low fat chicken, lean beef, turkey pork |
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|
Term
| Hyperlipidemia: triglycerides |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperlipidemia: cholesterol (total) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total cholesterol/HDL's should be greater than 4.5 |
|
|
Term
| why did women increase their risk of CAD |
|
Definition
| they went to work (higher stress levels, worse food intake) |
|
|
Term
| when do women's risk of CAD catch up to mens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do women's risk for CAD increase after menopause |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Latino/Hispanics (NA/Central American populations) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caucasians/Asians/Mieddle Eastern/Person about equal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would a race not at risk, have increased risk after moving to the USA |
|
Definition
| changes from native diet to AMerican-ized diet |
|
|
Term
| what needs to be reduced to reduce stress effectively? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| important note about stress relief |
|
Definition
| variety of options, doesn't need to just be exercise |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal white blood cell count |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| K+ values to be considered hyperkalemia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| K+ values to be considered Hypokalemia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would a high CO2 blood value be considered? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a high CO2 value can result in what? |
|
Definition
| alkalytic state of muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
| 12 lead done in cardiac clinics or MD's office |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| show potential arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| when is a holter monitor used? |
|
Definition
| after syncope or repeated arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| 24 hour period of EKG using a journal to report activity and s/s |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strength of echocardiography being a measure of wall motion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| echocardiography provides information regarding (3) |
|
Definition
| valve function, size of the ventricles, thickness and integrity of the interarterial and interventricular septums |
|
|
Term
| echocardiography also shows this potential feature of the wall |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| echocardiography can also give you this value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the limitations of an echo? |
|
Definition
| posterior wall structure and motion due to interference from spinal bone |
|
|
Term
| type of exercise stress test which uses a radioactive nuclear marker for detection of myocardial perfusion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a thallium stress test is used to detect what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a thalium stress test can look at this by assessing thallium in blood flow thorugh the myocardial tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
| coronoary angiography aka (2) |
|
Definition
| cardiac catheritiziation, angiogram |
|
|
Term
| danger of coronary angiography |
|
Definition
| invasive procedure with a 2% risk of stroke |
|
|
Term
| arteres used for cardiac cath |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac cath is used after (4) |
|
Definition
| angina, acute MI, (+) stress test, (+) echo |
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|
Term
| CAD blockages up to what percent may be considered mild and may be asymptomatic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| post cardiac cath and pt is OOB what should be watched for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the s/s of a hematoma at the cardiac cath site? |
|
Definition
| bleeding at the site, drop in BP, dizziness, weakness |
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|
Term
| echocardiogram where the ultrasound head is fiber optic and is threaded down the pt's esophagus |
|
Definition
| trans esophageal echocardiogram (TEE) |
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Term
|
Definition
| positron emission tomography |
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|
Term
| PET is waht type of technique? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| PET provides a direct measurement of what to to the heart (general) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| PET provides a direct measurement of metabolic functions to the heart including (3) |
|
Definition
| glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and blood flow |
|
|
Term
| PET is also able to measure what else (not metabolic functions) |
|
Definition
| dynamic functioning of the myocardium without inducing exercise state |
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Term
|
Definition
| gives a 3-d view of the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| expensive AF, not always available |
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Term
| non-invasive technique to calcualte left ventricular ejection fraction |
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Definition
| MUGA-Multigated acquisition imaging or gated pool imaging |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses multiple EKG views to look at EF |
|
|
Term
| What is a graded excercise stress test sued to asses for? (2) |
|
Definition
| patient's exercise tolerance and ischemia |
|
|
Term
| most common graded exercise stress test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more gradual graded exercise stress test |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Stress test is stopped for what EKG changes (3) |
|
Definition
| >2mm ST segment depression, inverted T wave, significant Q wave |
|
|
Term
| Stress test would be stopped for what S/S |
|
Definition
| anginal symptoms, extreme dyspnea (3-4 on dyspnea scale), LE fatigue |
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Term
|
Definition
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compress the lesion against the arterial wall |
|
|
Term
| what occurs before a stent placement |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the stent in relation to the PTCA catheter |
|
Definition
| around the tip of the cath |
|
|
Term
| after the PTCA compresses the lesion, what happens next? |
|
Definition
| stent is put in place to maintain luminal diameter |
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|
Term
| Precautiosn following PTCA and/or stent once you initiate activity |
|
Definition
| follow vitals and EKG closely, watch for signs of intolerance ot activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| coronary artery bypass graft |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the graft artery for a CABG |
|
Definition
| harvested and then attached above and below the area of atherscelrosis |
|
|
Term
| artery commonly used for CABG grafts (2) |
|
Definition
| Left internal mammillary artery, radial artery |
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|
Term
| vein commonly used for CABG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which artery is preferred to be used for CABG |
|
Definition
| LIMA for best long term results secondary to resistance to graft stenosis |
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|
Term
| Precautions following CABG: day of surgery |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Precautions following CABG: day 1 after surgery and each day after: restrictiosn (2) |
|
Definition
| UE restrictiosn imposed by surgeon, activity restriction d/t line or monitoring equipment |
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|
Term
| Precautions following CABG: day 1 after surgery and each day after: s/s |
|
Definition
| follow vitals and EKG closely, watch for signs of intolerance to activity |
|
|
Term
| pacing systems of a pacemaker |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| pacemaker are used with what? |
|
Definition
| SA arrhythmias, AV node disorders |
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|
Term
| AV node disorders used with a pacemaker |
|
Definition
| 2 degree Mobitz II, or 3 degree heart block |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker Code: first letter |
|
Definition
| indicates chamber being paced |
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|
Term
| Pacemaker Code: 2nd letter |
|
Definition
| indicates the chamber being sensed |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker Code: 3rd letter |
|
Definition
| indicates the response to sensing |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker Code: 4th letter |
|
Definition
| indicates the programmability |
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|
Term
| Pacemaker Code: 5th letter |
|
Definition
| indicates any anti-tachyarrhythmia function |
|
|
Term
| do i pods interfere with the function of pacemakers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do ipods cause telemetry interference with pacemakers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artificial implantable cardiac defibrillator |
|
|
Term
| why would an AICD be implanted? |
|
Definition
| detect and correct ventricular fibrillation and bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| An AICD can work in conjuction with what other device? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corrects lifethreatning arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| precautions following pacemaker or AICD once you initiate activity: restrictions |
|
Definition
| UE restrictions imposed by surgeon (especially AD or WC use), activity restrictions d/t lines or monitoring equipent |
|
|
Term
| precautions following pacemaker or AICD once you initiate activity: s/s |
|
Definition
| follow vitals and EKG closely, watch for signs of intolerance to activity |
|
|
Term
| purpose of an electrophysioloic ablation |
|
Definition
| to see if a specific spot of the heart is initating the arrhytmia |
|
|
Term
| length of time for an electrophysiologic ablation |
|
Definition
| 1 day or overnight procedure |
|
|
Term
| purpose of an electrophysiologic ablation |
|
Definition
| without active tissue at that spot, the arrhythmia should be elminated |
|
|
Term
| an atrial/ventricular septal defect can be a result of what? |
|
Definition
| congential, or from tumor |
|
|
Term
| usual candidates for valve replaecment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary candidates for valve replacement |
|
Definition
| tricuspid, or pulmonary valves |
|
|
Term
| what are teh materials used for a valve repalcement |
|
Definition
| artificial (metal) or a natural valve (bovine, porcine) |
|
|
Term
| Precautions following septum repair or valve replacement: day of surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Precautions following septum repair or valve replacement: day 1 after surgery and each day after: restrictions |
|
Definition
| UE restricitons imposed by surgeon, activity restrictions d/t lines or monitoring equipment |
|
|
Term
| Precautions following septum repair or valve replacement: day 1 after surgery and each day after: s/s |
|
Definition
| follow vitals and EKG closely, watch for signs of intolerance to activity |
|
|
Term
| candidates for heart transplantation |
|
Definition
| patients with progressive, terminal, cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of heart transplant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more common type of heart transplant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the orthotopic transplant |
|
Definition
| original heart is removed and the donor heart replaces it. part of the original heart's bilateral atria are left. Donor heart is grafted right atrium to right atrium, and left atrium to left atrium |
|
|
Term
| describe the hetertopic transplant technique |
|
Definition
| original heart is left in place and the transplanted heart is placed on the opposite side of the chest and attached to the original. attached atria to atria and ventricle to ventricle |
|
|
Term
| heterotopic transplant aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important precaution following heart transplant |
|
Definition
| restrictions regarding exposure to other patients |
|
|
Term
| PTCA is now being written as what? |
|
Definition
| PCI percutaneous coronary intervention |
|
|
Term
| purpose of knowing diagnostic tests as a PT? (3) |
|
Definition
| when will it be prescribed? what type of presentation will the pt have for it to be rx? what are the results/what do they mean? |
|
|
Term
| purpose of cardiac enzyme blood tests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal hematocrit for females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal hematocrit for males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin normal for women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal hemoglobin for men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potassium's role as an ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps sodium out therefore decreases myocardial contractility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lets sodium in, life threatening tachycardic arrythmias |
|
|
Term
| location of leads for EKG |
|
Definition
| 6 electrodes on chest, 1 on each wrist, 1 on each ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure disease progression, effectiveness of a tx, specific arrythmias that are causing symptoms |
|
|
Term
| how can an EKG be used to RI/RO an MI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of electrodes for a holter monitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an echocardiogram can be used to detect what (3) |
|
Definition
| valve dysfunction/malformation, size of ventricles (dilation, hypertrophy), abnormal masses on heart |
|
|
Term
| limitations of an echocardiography |
|
Definition
| obesity or excessive fatty tissue on chest |
|
|
Term
| an echocardiogram is used after (4) |
|
Definition
| after MI, CHF, unstable angina/syncope, cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| why is an echocardiogram used after a MI |
|
Definition
| detect akinesis, hypokinesis |
|
|
Term
| why is an echocardiogram used for CHF |
|
Definition
| see if ventricles are staying the right size |
|
|
Term
| why is an echocardiogram used for unstable angina/syncope |
|
Definition
| see if something is going on within the heart |
|
|
Term
| why is an echocardiogram used for cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coronary angiography is the definitive dx for what (3) |
|
Definition
| CAD, valvular dysfunction, congenital defects |
|
|
Term
| protocol for bed rest following femoral artery entry for a cardiac cath |
|
Definition
| minimum of 6 hours up to 12 hours with something giving massive pressure over the femoral artery to avoid hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| TEE is specifically used when? |
|
Definition
| posterior wall of heart exam is desired, could not use a regular echo on a person d/t obesity/fatty tissue |
|
|
Term
| Graded Exercise Stress Test is used when (5) |
|
Definition
| ischemic symptoms on exertion/rest, dyspnea on exertion, suspicion of CAD, risk stratification, see if arrythmia worsens exertion |
|
|
Term
| Graded Exercise Stress Test is used when (5) |
|
Definition
| ischemic symptoms on exertion/rest, dyspnea on exertion, suspicion of CAD, risk stratification, see if arrythmia worsens exertion |
|
|
Term
| an ST segment depression during a graded ex stress test is indicative of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an inverted T wave or significant Q wave are indicative of what during an graded ex stress test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is important to note about the plaque after a PTCA |
|
Definition
| it is still there, just compressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moderate athersclerosis or a blockage in 1 or 2 aa |
|
|
Term
| stents are now _____ to make sure less plaque builds up on them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| following a PTCA and/or stent what should the EKG be examined for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stents and bypass surgery are not open heart but.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moderate to severe CAD, when a stent would not be useful |
|
|
Term
| what must be done with the saphenous vein for a CABG |
|
Definition
| turn it backward or flip it inside out to eliminate the valves |
|
|
Term
| why would a pacemaker be used for SA arrythmias? |
|
Definition
| incorrect depolarization of the SA node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which letter of the pacemaker code is the most important to the PT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the 4th letter of the pacemaker code the most important for a PT? |
|
Definition
| rate modulation. says whether the heart will be able to pace high with exercise d/t pacemaker's rate modulation |
|
|
Term
| which side is a pacemaker usually placed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cauterization of the tissue so that the area will not cause electrical activity at that spot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a valve replacement can also be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| valve replacement can be d/t what |
|
Definition
| valve insufficiency, valve stenosis |
|
|
Term
| most of the precuations following a valve replacement are d/t what |
|
Definition
| site of incision usually being sternum |
|
|
Term
| which incision type for valve replacements tend to recover faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do heart tranpslant pt's need to limit their exposure? |
|
Definition
| put on anti-rejection medications which suppress the immune system |
|
|
Term
| describe a juncitonal rythm |
|
Definition
| QRS complex is not preceded by a P wave, dip in T wave |
|
|
Term
| describe a Premature Ventricular contraction |
|
Definition
| broad QRS complex with abnormal morphology, premature, ST segment and T wave changes, compensatory pause after |
|
|
Term
| describe ventricular bigeminy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pvc occurs every 3rd beat |
|
|
Term
| describe a first degree heart block on an EKG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the longer PR Interval for a first degree heart block? |
|
Definition
| longer time for the impulse to travel from SA node to AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second degree heart block involves a lesion on what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second degree heart block is associated with what (3) |
|
Definition
| rheumatic fever, inferior wall MI's, and also digoxin toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Type I or Mobitz I on an EKG looks like what |
|
Definition
| gradual prolongation of PR interval until QRS complex is dropped |
|
|
Term
| Second degree AV block, Mobitz type 2 on an EKG |
|
Definition
| PR interval is fixed but QRS complex is dropped |
|
|
Term
| Do you usually do PT with Mobitz I or II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Third degree heart block is d/t what |
|
Definition
| complete AV disassociation, no communicaiton between chambers |
|
|
Term
| Third degree heart block on an EKG |
|
Definition
| fixed P to P interval, fixed R to R interval but not coordinated amongst each other. no interval is dropped |
|
|
Term
| third degree hart block usually requires what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ventricular tachycardia ekg description |
|
Definition
| upside down saw tooth, 3+ PVC beats in a row, HR over 100 |
|
|
Term
| what to do when pt exhibits a ventricular tachycardia |
|
Definition
| emergency situation, may need cardioversion, cpr |
|
|
Term
| Ventricular tachycardia can progress into what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ventricular fibrillation on an EKG |
|
Definition
| scribbly line no pattern to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lifethreatening, requires defibrillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat line, no electrical activiity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emergency situation, or electrodes tore off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| error d//t pt moving around and computer not being able to handle it |
|
|
