Term
| In a parasitism, one species ___ and the other ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a mutualism, both species ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a commensalism, one species ___, while the other ___. An example of this seen is when mites or ___ attach to dung beetles to be carried to ___. Another example is when African buffalo stir up instects for cattle ___ to eat. |
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Definition
benefits
does not benefit or lose
nematodes
dung patches
egrets |
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Term
| Some interspecies interactions are not clear cut. For example, anemones shield clown fish (A. ocellaris) from ___, but it has not been determined how the anemones benefit. |
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Definition
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Term
Parasites can be categorized by ___ or ___.
Microparasites are small and have ___ generation times. Many are pathogens and conitinually infect new hosts. Examples of these are viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc.
Macroparasites are larger and have longer generation times. They typically complete their life cycle in ___. Examples of these are flatworms, roundworms, flukes, etc. |
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Definition
size
habitat
shorter
multiple organisms |
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Term
Parasites can be defined by ___ or ___.
Ectoparasites live ___ their host. Examples of these are leeches, lice, ticks and mosquitos.
Endoparasites live ___ their host. Examples of these are roundworms, flukes, etc. |
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Definition
size
habitat
outside
within |
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Term
| Influenza, smallpox and STD's are all similar in that ___. |
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Definition
| they are directly transferred from host to host without an intermediate one |
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Term
| Lyme disease, malaria, yellow fever and schistosomiasis are all similar in that they ___. |
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Definition
| require an intermediate host |
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Term
| Ticks are ___ (ecto-/endoparasites) and are ___ (micro-/macroparasites), because they require multiple hosts. I. scapularis (AKA ___ tick) transmit the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi (a ___ bacterium which causes ___ disease). The tick must take a ___ to move onto its next life cycle. The mouse is their preferred first two hosts, while the dear is their preferred definitive host. |
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Definition
ectoparasites
macroparasites
blacklegged
spirochete
Lyme
blood feeding |
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Term
| A protist is a eukaryote which is neither a ___, ___ or ___. A protozoan is a ___ protist. |
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Definition
plant
animal
fungus
unicellular |
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Term
| Malaria is produced by the protozoan (unicellular protist) parasite ___. It is transmitted through mosquitos (genus Anopheles). Because they infect the host internally and require multiple hosts they are ___, ___ parasites. |
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Definition
plasmodium
endoparasitic
marcoparasitic |
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Term
| The ___ host is the host species in which the parasite becomes ___ and reaches ___. |
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Definition
definitive
an adult
maturity |
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Term
| The ___ phylum (Platyhelminthes) are made up of planaria (free living), tapeworms (parasitic) and liverfluke (AKA ___) (parasitic). |
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Definition
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Term
| Tapeworm are a class of the ___ (Platyhelminthes) phylum. They have hooks and suckers as well as proglottids containing mature male and female ___. Their intermediate hosts include ___ and ___ and their definitive hosts are ___. |
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Definition
flatworm
reproductive organs
pig
cattle
humans |
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Term
| Trematodes (AKA ___) are a class under the ___ (Platyhelminthes) phylum. Their intermediate hosts include snails and fish and their definitive hosts are ___ and ___. |
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Definition
flukes
flatworm
humans
birds |
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Term
| Many parasites lack a functioning ___ system, but have abundant ___ systems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many hosts actively work to rid themselves of ectoparasites. Japanese macaques form social bonds to help groom ___ eggs from each other. Some biologists believe human ___lessness, ___ posture and ___ thumbs were evolutionary responses to ectoparasites. |
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Definition
louse
hair(lessness)
bipedal
oposable |
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Term
| Infection can alter the behavior of hosts. Rabbits infected with tulameria are ___. Killifish infected with trematodes exhibit ___ swimming which attracts birds (the fluke's definitive host). |
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Definition
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Term
| An ammensalism is an interspecies interaction when one species ___ and the other ___. An example of this is an elephant stomping through a forest or when some female flowers emit pheromones that attract male wasps. |
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Definition
does not benefit
does not benefit or lose |
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Term
| Some mutalistic plant-pollinator relationships are highly specific. ___ plants are pollinated ONLY by ___ moths, whose larvae feed on the seed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some mutualistic relationships are extremely specific. For example, some ants build nests in the base of the tropical ___ trees. The trees produce ___ and ___ for the ants, while the ants ___ the tree. |
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Definition
Acacia
nectar
protein
protect |
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Term
| The southern pine bark beetle forms a mutualism with a fungi which kills ___ trees. The beetles spread the fungi, while the fungi allows the beetle to digest ___ and plant proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are many examples of cleaning mutualisms in nature. Bluehead wrasse (a fish) clean the teeth of the moray ___ (Muraenidae). The red-billed oxpecker of Africa feeds on ticks and other parasites in the skin of large mammals such as ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some symbiotic relationships are so old that it is difficult to identify the two organisms. An example of this is the relationship between coral and ___. The coral only gains about 10% of its energy from feeding on plankton; the remaining 90% comes from the algae. |
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Definition
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Term
| The head region of the obligate parasite tapeworm is called a ___. |
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Definition
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