Term
| Describe the early developmental stage of an animal. |
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Definition
1. Zygote
-cleavage-
2. Morula (8-cell stage -solid ball of cells)
-cleavage-
3. Blastula (hollow ball of cells)
-glastrulation- blastula folds inward producing a 3 layered embryo
4. Gastrula - 3 layer embryo |
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Term
| What are the three structures of the Gastrula? |
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Definition
Blastopore (opening)
Archenteron (pouch formed by gastrulation - opens to outside via blastopore)
Two layers of tissue - (endoderm and ectoderm - which develop into the tissue lining of animal's digestive tract) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a succession of mitotic cell divisions w/o growth between divisions. |
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Term
| What does the Blastula mark the end of? |
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Definition
| The cleavage stage during early embryonic development. |
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Term
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Definition
| set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole - the living animal. |
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Term
| How are animals characterized? |
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Definition
| By symmetry, Tissue layers, Body cavities, and developmental modes. |
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Term
| What is radial symmetry and what are examples of animals that have radial symmetry? |
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Definition
It is symmetry that is the same when divided left to right or top to bottom.
Cnidarians and Ctenophores have radial symmetry. |
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Term
| What is bilateral symmetry and what are examples of animals that have bilateral symmetry? |
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Definition
When the sections from left to right are the same, but not top and bottom.
Humans and arthropods are examples of animals with bilateral symmetry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acoelomate refers to an organism lacking a body cavity between the gut and outer body wall. Platyhelmithes are acoelomates. |
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Term
| What is "pseudocoelomate" |
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Definition
refers to animals whose body cavity is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm.
animals in Phylum: Nematoda and Rotifera are psuedocoelomates |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to animals that possess a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm. |
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Term
| What is "Protostome development" |
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Definition
| It is one of two developmental modes that help classify animals. They have spiral cleavage and most protostome animals have determinate cells. |
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Term
| What are examples of animals that have a protostome developmental mode? |
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Definition
| Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda |
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Term
| In Protostomes, what is the fate of the Blastopore? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is "deuterostome development" |
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Definition
| One of two developmental modes that help classify animals. It includes radial cleavage and most animals have indeterminate cells in early embryonic development. |
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Term
| What are some examples of animals that are deuterostomes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fate of the blastopore in deuterostome development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four different types of tissues? |
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Definition
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Muscle tissue |
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Term
| What is epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| It is made of tightly packed cells and is used for lining. |
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Term
| What are the types of cell layers in epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| Simple, stratified or psuedostratified |
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Term
| What are the different shapes of cells in epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| Cuboidal, columnal, and squamous |
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Term
| What is connective tissue? |
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Definition
connective tissue is made up of cells scattered through an extracelllular matrix.
It is made of Collagenous fibers, Elastic fibers and Reticular fibers. |
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Term
| What are the types of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Bone, Adipose, Loose connective, fibrous connective, cartilage and blood. |
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Term
| What protein is found in Collagenous fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein is found in Elastic fibers? |
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Definition
| Elastin - it is thin and stretchable |
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Term
| What protein makes up Reticular fibers and what do reticular fibers do? |
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Definition
| They are made of Collagen and they join the connective tissues. |
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Term
| What is the function of Loose connective tissue and what fiber types does it contain? |
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Definition
| It binds epithelial to the underlying tissue and has all three fiber types. |
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Term
| What is the function of adipose tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does fibrous connective tissue make up? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of tendons and ligaments? |
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Definition
| Tendons attach muscle to the bone and ligaments stabilize a bone, attach bone to bone. |
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Term
| What is Fibrous connective tissue mostly made up of? |
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Definition
| It is mostly collagen arranged in parallel bundles. |
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Term
| Where is cartilage found and what does it have that is unique? |
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Definition
| Intervertebral disks, covering on long bones, tip of nose and ears and chondrocytes |
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Term
| What are osteoblasts in Bone tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Haversian system in Bone tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma (55%), erythrocytes that trans oxygen and leukocytes and thrombocytes which are platelets. |
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Term
| What is the function of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of smooth muscle? |
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Definition
| It lines the blood vessels and creats slow and consistent contractions. |
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Term
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. |
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Term
| What is a disagreement among scientists about animal phylogeny and what is it based on? |
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Definition
| Mainly, should the Bilateria be split into two groups or three. It is based largely on the Trocophore larva, lophophore and ecdysis) |
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Term
| What phylum does the Trocophore larva include and what does the larva develop into? |
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Definition
| It includes Annelida and develops into a worm. |
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Term
| What is the feeding structure on a lophophorate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different body types and cell types of Sponges? |
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Definition
Asconoid - flagellated spongocoel
Syconoid - flagellated canals
Leuconoid - flagellated chambers |
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Term
| What are the structures of the Asconoid sponge? |
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Definition
| Ostia, Spongocoel, Osculum |
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Term
| What are the structures of the Syconoid sponge/ |
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Definition
| Ostia, Incurrent Canal, Prosopyle, Radial Canal, Apopyle, Spongocoel, and Osculum |
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Term
| What are the structures of the Leuconoid sponge? |
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Definition
| Ostia, Incurrent Canal, Flagellated chambers, excurrent canal, and osculum |
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Term
| What are the classes of Cnidarians? |
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Definition
| Hydrozoa, Schyphozoa, Anthozoa, Cubazoa |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Hydrozoans? |
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Definition
| Primarily polyp stage, most species have both medusa and polyp. The polyp stage of Hydrozoans is colonial. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Scyphozoa? |
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Definition
| Marine species with mostly medusa stage with a reduced polyp or absent polyp. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Box jellies" - distantly related to Cnidarians |
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Term
| What is unique about Cubazoans? |
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Definition
| They have a complex eye embedded in medusa stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a cubazoan that has venom that can kill 60 people. |
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Term
| What are groups of Sponges called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the collar do on Choanocytes? |
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Definition
| It creates water movement to trap food. |
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Term
| What does the amoebacyte do on Sponges? |
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Definition
| It moves around to pick up food around choanocytes. |
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Term
| What is a gastrovascular cavity? |
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Definition
| Opening functions as a mouth and anus. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Platyhelminthes? |
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Definition
| They are flatworms that are acoelomates. They have a gastrovascular cavity, organ-system level of organization and are triploblastic. |
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Term
| Describe the Class: Turbellaria. |
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Definition
| Free-living, mostly marine, shows cephalization, has a gastrovascular cavity and demonstrates regeneration |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of the Class: Monogenea? |
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Definition
| In the Phylum: Platyhelminthes, the organisms in this class are called fish parasites. |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the Class: Trematoda? |
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Definition
| They are endoparasitic flukes that have two hosts. A unique characteristic is that the female fits into the groove of the male. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a Trematode that enters through skin and moves to intestine. It need and invert host such as the snail for the miracidia larva to develop into the arcariae larva. |
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Term
| What are symptoms of Shishtosoma? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is a Trematode that enters humans by eating raw fish. It moves to the bile duct of the human. It needs an invert host such as a snail. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Clornorchis? |
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Definition
| cirrhosis of the liver and death. |
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Term
| What causes swimmer's dermatitis and what is unique about it? |
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Definition
| It is a bird parasite that enters skin. It cannot complete it's life cycle in humans, so it only effects the area that it enters. |
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Term
| What kind of organisms make up the Class: Cestoidea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What body parts do they have? |
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Definition
| They have a scolex with a sucker and hooks and proglottids. |
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Term
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Definition
| adult beef tapeworms found in undercooked beef |
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Term
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Definition
| adult pork tapeworms that can infect by eating undercooked pork |
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Term
| What is Diphyllobothrium latum |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Dypilidium caninum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Uniocular hydatid (cyst) associated with dogs and ruminants |
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Term
| What are the three phyla that are considered lophophorates? |
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Definition
| Ectoprocta, Phoronids, and Brachiopods |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a hookworm in the Phylum Nematoda that burrows into skin and moves into intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is a nematode that blocks the lymph channels. It causes elephantitis and can be contracted from a mosquito. |
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Term
| What type of circuitry system do Cephalopods have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do metanephridia do in Earthworms |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the nephrostome in invertebrates? |
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Definition
| I collects salt solutes traveling through tubule and excretes through the nephridiopore |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an order in the Class Insecta which includes Japanese Beetles. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Order Coleoptera and how many species do they have? |
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Definition
They have 2 pairs of wings; front thickened elytra
approx. 350,000 species. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an Order in the Class Insecta that includes organisms such as the horsefly. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Order Diptera |
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Definition
| 1 pair of wings; back form knobs called halteres |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an Order in the Class Insecta that includes 85,000 species such as the leaf footed bug. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the organisms in the Order Hemiptera? |
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Definition
| They have 2 pairs of wings, 1/2 have a hard outer shell and sucking mouth parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order in the Class Insecta that includes 125,000 species, including bees, ants and wasps. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Class Hymenoptera. |
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Definition
| winged/less with 2 pairs of membranes wings and thin waist |
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Term
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Definition
| Order in the Class Insecta which includes 120000 species such as the swallowtail butterfly |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Order Lepidoptera? |
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Definition
| two wings covered with scales. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata? |
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Definition
| They are Deuterostomes with Bilateral symmetry. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Chondichthyes? |
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Definition
| They have a cartilaginous skeleton, placoid scales, several rows of teeth, spiral valve within intestine, large fatty liver. They also have electroreceptors and a lateral line system |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Class Osteichthyes? |
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Definition
| They have a bony skeleton, embedded dermal scales, lateral line system, operculum, swim bladder, homocercal caudal fin, |
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Term
| What are the three orders of Amphibia? |
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Definition
| Urodela, Anurans, and Apodans |
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Term
| What are the Characteristics of the Order Urodela? |
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Definition
There are 400 species
They retain there tail as adults, have their limbs at rights angles to body and are carnivorous, internal fertilization using a spermataphore. |
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Term
| What is an example of a Urodela? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Order Anurans? |
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Definition
| 3500 species, Lose tail as adults, They have hind limbs adapted for jumping, a tongue connected to front of mouth, secrete mucous on surface to prevent water loss, external fertilization |
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Term
| What are the characteristics apodans? |
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Definition
| There are 150 species that are mostly tropical and have internal fertilization. They give birth to live young and are usually legless and blind. |
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Term
| What is the Amnion in the amniotic egg? |
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Definition
| It protects from dehydration and amniotic shock |
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Term
| What is the Allantois in the Amniotic egg? |
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Definition
| It stores waste is and used in gas exchange |
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Term
| What is the Chorion on the Amniotic egg? |
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Definition
| It is used for gas exchange |
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Term
| What is the Yolk sac in the Amniotic egg? |
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Definition
| It holds the Yolk which is the nutrients |
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Term
| What are the four types of respiratory systems? |
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Definition
| Cutaneous, Gills, Tracheal, lungs |
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Term
| What is cutaneous respiration? |
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Definition
| direct diffusion of gases between the organism and environment. found in porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, and some amphibians. |
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Term
| How do gills function in respiration? |
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Definition
| creates a counter-current of gas exchange. It maintains gradient over whole length of capillaries. It extracts 80% of oxygen from water. |
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Term
| What are the structure in the tracheal systems and their function? |
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Definition
trachea (open tubes)
spiracles (openings)
tracheoles (contact w/cells - little branches lead to each cell)
muscle - increase amount of CO2 |
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Term
| What are the two types of lungs? |
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Definition
| Diffusion lungs and Ventilation lungs |
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Term
| How do diffusion lungs function? |
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Definition
| Gas moved primarily by diffusion - may be increased by body movement |
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Term
| In what organisms are diffusion lungs found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of modification does the snail have in it's respiratory system? |
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Definition
| It has a cavity with a gill modified into lung |
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Term
| What is the modification that scorpions and spiders have in their respiratory system? |
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Definition
| They have invaginations in their abdomen. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a positive pressure breather and a negative pressure breather? |
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Definition
| A positive pressure breather such as a frog pushes air down to their lungs. A negative pressure breather such as a human, creates suction with the diaphram and when air is inhaled, the rib cage expands as muscles contract and the diaphragm moves down (contracts). When air is exhaled, the rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax and the diaphragm relaxes (moves up) |
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