Term
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Definition
| Cell's normal mechanisms all go wrong. Studying what went wrong is what has taught us a lot about cell bio. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3rd of American will develop cancer. Any cell can become cancerous; a few are common. If it's stopped while it's in one organ it's not too dangerous, but if it's not detected and metastasizes it can be very deadly (why lung cancer death rates are so high). |
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Term
| Development of carcinomas |
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Definition
| One cell becomes cancerous and divides. Division causes a small, localized tumor to form. That tumor will grow to become a larger but localized, easy to remove benign tumor. Malignant cancer is a benign tumor that has secreted proteases to eat the collagen barrier and now is migrating to the soft tissues around the initial tissues. Metastatic cancer has cells that enter the circulatory/lymphatic system(s) and spread. |
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Term
| Properties of Cancer Cells |
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Definition
| Abnormal proliferation (grow when they shouldn't). Failure of normal differentiation (stem cells don't differentiate correctly). Failure to undergo cell death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations in critical regulatory genes - inherited mutations (small percent of cases), mutations that occur during life (affect somatic cells, ex. cigarette smoke and UV). Chemicals that increase cell proliferation (estrogen). Viruses = 10-20% of cases. |
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Term
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Definition
DNA: Hep B = liver cancer. SV40 and polyoma- = Merkel cell cancer. Papilloma- = cervical cancer. Adeno- = no cancer. Herpes- = Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma.
RNA: Hep C = liver cancer. Retro- = adult T-cell leukemia.
Pap smear has basically eliminated cervical cancer deaths thanks to early treatment. Vaccines against Hep B and HPV have been made. |
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Term
| Cell Transformation by RSV and ALV |
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Definition
| If chicken cells are infected w/RSV they'll assume properties of cancer and the virus will replicate to make more of itself w/out destroying the host cells. Infect cells w/ALV, the cells will stay normal but the virus will replicate itself. Both viruses have the same proteins and everything and are closely related, but one causes cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| RSV genome bigger than ALV by one gene, src, needed for transformation process. Proven that it wasn't just needed for initiation by heat-sensitive mutations - infect cells at permissive temp, heat cells so mutation disappears, cells reverted back to normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quail, ducks, and chickens all have src cDNA. |
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Term
| Oncogenes and Proto-oncogenes |
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Definition
| Proto-oncogenes are genes that can become cancerous if picked up by the virus and utilized. Oncogenes are mutated and/or abnormally expressed versions of proto-oncogenes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancerous src gene is a mutated, abnormally expressed version of src proto-oncogene |
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Term
| Gene Transfer and Oncogene Discovery |
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Definition
| Take cancerous oncogene from bladder tumor, put oncogene into normal cells, the cells will transform. This means the normal cells have proto-oncogenes that the oncogenes could mutate. The first discovered oncogene was of the Ras family, there are about 100 now discovered. |
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Term
| Point Mutations in Oncogenes |
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Definition
| Difference between oncogene and proto-oncogene is only 1 base mutation (GGC -> GTC in ras). Whole new amino acid is formed from this, gene becomes oncogene. |
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