Term
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Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Term
| What are reasons to study animals? |
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Definition
| They share many brain parts with humans and mammals have a cortex. |
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Term
| how often are traits shown [think of dominance and recessiveness] |
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Definition
| one is shown 75% of the time, the other 25% of them |
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Term
| Are phenotypes and genotypes always complimentary? |
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Definition
| No, one can have a phenotype different from a genotype. |
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Term
| What does Heterozygous mean? and homozygous? |
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Definition
| Different alleles, same alleles. |
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Term
| When is the recessive trait expressed? |
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Definition
| In a homozygous recessive genotype |
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Term
| What are regulator genes? |
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Definition
| Genes that express the traits |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical estimate of variation in a population within a particular study |
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Term
| What are the four nucleotides? |
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Definition
| adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
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Term
| 3 nucleotides code for what and these combine into what? |
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Definition
| they code for amino acids and combine into proteins |
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Term
| Somatic cells have what type of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| number gametes have what? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the Number is restored? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four things do mutations come from? |
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Definition
| deletion, addition, inversion, and substitution |
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Term
| What causes a defective enzyme? |
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Definition
| Homozygous recessive genes |
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Term
| What breaks down one amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What level of analysis was used before the microscope was invented and what was observed at that time? |
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Definition
Organ level
cadavers, organs, brain |
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Term
| What level of analysis was used when the microscope was invented? |
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Definition
| neural level! we were able to look at cells |
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Term
| What helped us see more details of the neuron? |
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Definition
| stains, scalpals and better microscopes |
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Term
| What were [9] different ways to study brains? |
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Definition
| anatomical Disection, selective ablation, electrical stimulation, X-Rays, CAT Scans, fMRIs, PET scans, trans-craniel magnetic stimulation, and single unit studies |
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Term
| What was selected ablation used for? |
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Definition
| to show where behavior comes from |
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Term
| When did Electrical Stimulation come out? |
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Definition
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Term
| What in terms of electrical stimulation proves that behavior is in the brain? |
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Definition
| Post-mortem studies of dead animals, and stimulation of live animals |
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Term
| What does CAT Scan stand for and what does it do? |
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Definition
Computerized Axial Tomography
electronically uses XRAYS to take 180 images of the brain [slices of the brain] |
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Term
| What fuels neurons in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you monitor glucose int he Brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does trans-cranial magnetic stimulation do, what does it mimic? |
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Definition
turns off parts of your brain temporarily,
like selective lesioning but without permanent consequences |
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Term
| What is a single-unit study?What is it used for? |
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Definition
| a microelecrode made of thin copper wire or a hollow glass tube used to measure one neuron at a time. it is used to learn about neuron behavior |
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Term
| What do all vertebrates have? |
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Definition
| hollow dorsal nervous system |
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Term
| What the nervous system wrapped up in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the shape of the nervous system of a Rat like? what is it called? |
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Definition
parallel to the ground
a quadropedal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anything going away from the spinal chord |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the center of the body |
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Term
| What is the shape of a human's spinal chord? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anything away from the spinal chord |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the center of the body/away from the center of the body |
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Term
| What is anterior? the posterior? What are other words used to say the same thing? |
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Definition
| the front or the back, rostral caudal |
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Term
| what is superior? inferior? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| separating the right and left |
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Term
| In sections of the brain, what is horizontal? |
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Definition
| seprating dorsal from ventral |
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Term
| What are two other words for cross-sectional? |
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Definition
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Term
| The vertabrate system is the same for... |
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Definition
| humans, mammals, reptiles, and fish |
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Term
| We divide the nervous system into... |
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Definition
| the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| what does the CNS consist of |
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Definition
| the brain and the spinal Chord :D |
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Term
| What does the somatic division of the PNS control? |
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Definition
| the skeletal muscles and brings information into the brain form the outside world :D |
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Term
| What do afferent neurons do? |
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Definition
| carry information TO the brain FROM the muscles |
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Term
| What do efferent neurons do? |
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Definition
| Carry information from the brain to the muscles |
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Term
| What does the Automatic Division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| regulates itself in the background |
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the Automatic Division in the PNS |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic and Sympathetic? |
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Term
| What does the Parasympathetic Division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
1. energy conservation
2. promotes digestion and growth
3. restores your body to its ideal conditions |
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Term
| What does the Sympathetic Division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
1. Flight or Fight Response
2. energy mobilization
3. adrenaline and fear |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the brain? |
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Definition
forebrain - mesencephalon
midbrain - metencephalon
hindbrain - miencephelon |
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Term
| what is a main part of the miencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the [2] main parts of the metencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main[4] main parts of the Mesencephalon? |
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Definition
| Tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi |
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Term
| What is in the Diencephelon and at which part of the brain is it located? |
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Definition
thalamus and hypothalamus
forebrain |
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Term
| What is the telencephelon? |
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Definition
| the cortex, part of the forebrain |
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Term
| what do four ventricles in the adult mammal brain do? |
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Definition
| synthesize cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
| What is the saggital view of the brain? |
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Definition
| the side view of the brain. |
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Term
| What is the hind most structure of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the medulla responsible for? |
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Definition
1. maintaining bodily functions such as heart rate and breathing
2. reflexive behavior: vomiting, gagging, sneezing
3. keeping bad things out of the body |
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Term
| What does the thalamus do? |
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Definition
| sensory integration and relay station in the brain |
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Term
| The thalamus takes information from all the main sensory systems except which? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cerebellum do? |
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Definition
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Term
| The limbic system is exclusively in what type of animals... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the hypothallamus |
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Definition
| motivation, drive, homeostasis and balance |
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Term
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Definition
| sight, short working memory, monogamy ;D |
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Term
| What does the amygdala do? |
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Definition
negative emotions:fear and anger
fear based learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the most advanced feature of the mammilian brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the [3] parts of the brain stem? |
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Definition
| medulla, pons, and thallamus |
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Term
| What are the four parts of the limbic system? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory system |
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Term
| What is a part of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anterior commisure? |
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Definition
| a bundle of axons that tie the brain together from right to left |
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Term
| What are the four lobes of the brain? |
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Definition
| occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal |
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Term
| What is the central Sulcus? |
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Definition
| Major groove from one ear to the other that seperates the parietal |
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Term
| What does the frontal lobe control? |
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Definition
| planning of movement, some aspects of memory, inhibition of inappropriate behaviors |
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Term
| What does the temporal lobe control? |
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Definition
| hearing, advanced visual processing |
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Term
| What does the occipital lobe control? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the precipital gyrus control? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the postcentral gyrus consist of? |
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Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| What does the parietal lobe do? |
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Definition
body sensation, tastes, and pain
[somatosensory cortex] |
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Term
| What is the most important part of the brain and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Dorsal Lateral prefrontal Cortex
advanced cognition and thinking |
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Term
| How much does the adult human brain weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many neurons and glial cells does the adult brain have? |
|
Definition
| 100 billion nuerons and 1 trillion glial cells |
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Term
| the more glial cells a mammal has... |
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Definition
| the more complex the mammal is! |
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