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| in the summer the sun is _____ in the sky and the days are _____ |
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1. planet moves in elipses, sun at focus
2. planet moves fastest when closest to sun
3. planet moves slower when farther from sun |
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| bigger telescope gathers more litght, sees finer detail |
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| main discoverers of rings and satellites |
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| huygens, cassini, maxwell, hall |
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| gravity, universal strength falls off with inverse square of distance depends on mass |
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| Neptune, predicted from uranus' motion |
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1 AU
finalized in 1960s with radar |
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| nearest star other than sun |
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| alpha centauri at 4.29 light years or 270,000 AU |
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| escape velocity of the sun |
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| 620 KM falls off with distance |
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| terrestrial planets + characteristics |
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mercury, venus, earth, mars
small, rocky, high mass density |
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jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
big, gas + liquid, low mass density |
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| sunlight through atmosphere is split into ROYGBIV |
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| indicates the presence of an element in spectoscopy |
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| 92% hydrogen, 7.8% helium (first discovered in sun) |
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| is there hydrogen in earth's air |
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| nope. all locked up in water |
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| primary element of jupiter and saturn |
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| how we know earth is round from eclipses |
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earth's shadow on moon during lunar eclips
pythagoras +aristotle saw this |
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when 2 planets are moving the same direction, but vantagepoint moves faster, giving appearance that viewed planet is moving backwards for a period in a loop
ptolemy (geocentric explanation) + copernicus (heliocentric) |
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light focused through several mirrors
early refractors
concave (galileo) convex (kepler) eyepieces
can be blurry |
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2 mirrors focus light into come
newtonian
obstructed view by mirror a little |
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1780s
doubled known size of universe |
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| again doubled known size of universe 1840s |
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| asteroid belt between mars and jupiter |
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billions of asteroids
mostly empty space
total mass less than moon |
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satellites:
jupiter, saturn, uranus
neptune
mars |
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retinue of large satellites
one large moon
two small moons |
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small, unseen, icy objects beyond neptune's orbit
resevoir for short period comets |
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a million million unseen icy objects
distance= 1/4 of the way to nearest star
gravity of passing planets throws them into solar system
long period comets |
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| planetary trajectory across sky |
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| mars, jupiter, saturn direction across sky |
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regular spacing of planets
1.5 distance inward of its neighbor
indicated where neptune was |
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asteroid belt
discovered via bode law |
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between mars and jupiter
aka minor planets |
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| see object in different place depending on where you are |
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| problems with spectroscopy |
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temperature, atmosphere effect the lines
solve by comparing to moon spectra |
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4 large satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Castillo)
8 small outer moons
faint rings |
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9 satellites (Titan)
rings |
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5 large satelites (named for Tempest characters)
faint rings |
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2 satellites (large Triton moves backwards)
faint rings |
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| oldest planet known to ancients |
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